Systems and methods for estimating vehicle value via blockchain

ABSTRACT

The present embodiments relate to systems and methods for using a blockchain or shared ledger tracking a vehicle according to a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) to estimate a vehicle Actual Cash Value (ACV). An ACV of a vehicle may be determined and broadcast in a transaction to the blockchain to update the shared ledger to reflect the ACV value. Alternatively, an ACV may be determined according to information regarding the vehicle already stored on the blockchain. As further changes are made to the status of the vehicle on the blockchain, these changes are searchable according to the vehicle&#39;s VIN, and thus revised ACV values of the vehicle may be calculated.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and the benefit of the filing dateof the following applications: (1) provisional U.S. Patent ApplicationNo. 62/481,888 entitled “Using a Blockchain for Vehicle LifecycleProcesses,” filed on Apr. 5, 2017; (2) provisional U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/482,792 entitled “Using a Blockchain for VehicleLifecycle Processes,” filed on Apr. 7, 2017; (3) provisional U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/509,479 entitled “Using a Blockchain for VehicleLifecycle Processes,” filed on May 22, 2017; (4) provisional U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/537,084 entitled “Systems and Methods for MaintainingTransferability of Title via Blockchain,” filed on Jul. 26, 2017; (5)provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/540,299 entitled “Systems andMethods for Recall Compliance via Blockchain,” filed on Aug. 2, 2017;(6) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/541,386 entitled “Systemsand Methods for Feature-Based Rating via Blockchain,” filed on Aug. 4,2017; (7) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/541,363 entitled“Systems and Methods for Sensor Recalibration via Blockchain,” filed onAug. 4, 2017; (8) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/542,066entitled “Systems and Methods for Total Loss Handling via Blockchain,”filed on Aug. 7, 2017; (9) provisional U.S. Patent Application No.62/542,081 entitled “Systems and Methods for Analyzing Vehicle Financingvia Blockchain,” filed on Aug. 7, 2017; (10) provisional U.S. PatentApplication No. 62/542,456 entitled “Systems and Methods for Usage BasedInsurance via Blockchain,” filed on Aug. 8, 2017; (11) provisional U.S.Patent Application No. 62/542,477 entitled “Systems and Methods forEstimating Vehicle Value via Blockchain,” filed on Aug. 8, 2017; and(12) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/542,496 entitled“Systems and Methods for Post-Collision Vehicle Routing via Blockchain,”filed on Aug. 8, 2017. The entire contents of each of the precedingapplications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Additionally, the present application is related to the followingco-pending U.S. patent applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser.No. ______ entitled “Systems and Methods for Maintaining Transferabilityof Title via Blockchain,” filed ______; (2) U.S. patent application Ser.No. ______ entitled “Systems and Methods for Recall Compliance viaBlockchain,” filed ______; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______entitled “Systems and Methods for Feature-Based Rating via Blockchain,”filed ______; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled“Systems and Methods for Sensor Recalibration via Blockchain,” filed______; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “Systemsand Methods for Total Loss Handling via Blockchain,” filed ______; (6)U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “Systems and Methodsfor Analyzing Vehicle Financing via Blockchain,” filed ______; (7) U.S.patent application Ser. No. ______ entitled “Systems and Methods forUsage Based Insurance via Blockchain,” filed ______; and (8) U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. ______ entitled “Systems and Methods forPost-Collision Vehicle Routing via Blockchain,” filed ______.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Systems and methods are disclosed with respect to using a blockchain forvehicle lifecycle processes, specifically, estimating vehicle value.

BACKGROUND

Vehicles undergo a variety of information exchange periods during theirlifecycle. Some of these information exchange periods are brought on byaccidents, sales, or the eventual destruction of the vehicle. Managingthe vehicle life cycle process involves multiple participants exchanginga variety of information. The number of interactions between theseparties means the parties have to provide and validate information sentand received relevant to the vehicle. Theses interactions often occurbetween businesses and consumers, or businesses and other businesses.

Interactions between a business and a customer typically requirevalidation of one or more pieces of information before a transaction cantake place. This validation is often achieved by the participantsinvolved in the interaction contacting a central authority that is atrusted source of truth for the particular piece of information to bevalidated. The central authority may then validate, or not validate, theparticular piece of information and communicate its findings to theparticipants. Based upon the validation, or lack of validation, aconsensus among the participants is formed and, assuming the informationis valid, the transaction between the participants may take place, andsubsequently be recorded.

Traditionally, businesses, customers, and central authorities havestored information related to transactions, and records of transactions,in databases, or ledgers which have been used in accounting to tracktransactions and information related to those transactions. Often thesedatabases or ledgers held by the participants must be reconciled toachieve consensus as to the validity of the information stored in thedatabases and ledgers. Alternatively, as described above, the centralauthority may be responsible for determining the validity of informationstored in a database or a ledger and functioning as an arbiter ofconsensus for interested parties.

A blockchain is a way of achieving a distributed consensus on thevalidity or invalidity of information. As opposed to using a centralauthority, a blockchain is a distributed database, or ledger, in which atransactional record is maintained at each node of a peer to peernetwork. Commonly, the distributed ledger is comprised of groupings oftransactions bundled together into a “block.” When a change to thedistributed ledger is made (e.g., when a new transaction and/or block iscreated), each node must form a consensus as to how the change isintegrated into the distributed ledger. Upon consensus, the agreed uponchange is pushed out to each node so that each node maintains anidentical copy of the updated distributed ledger. Any change that doesnot achieve a consensus is ignored. Accordingly, unlike a traditionalsystem which uses a central authority, a single party cannotunilaterally alter the distributed ledger. This inability to modify pasttransactions leads to blockchains being generally described as trusted,secure, and immutable.

Blockchains are typically deployed in an open, decentralized, andpermissionless manner meaning that any party may view information,submit new information, or join the blockchain as a node responsible forconfirming information. This open, decentralized, and permissionlessapproach to a blockchain has limitations. As an example, theseblockchains may not be good candidates for interactions that requireinformation to be kept private, such as information related to a vehiclelifecycle process, or for interactions that require all participants tobe vetted prior to their participation.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In one aspect, a computer-implemented method of utilizing blockchaintechnology to estimate vehicle Actual Cash Value (ACV) may be provided.The method may include (1) locating, by one or more processors, avehicle profile of a vehicle identified by a Vehicle IdentificationNumber (VIN) on a blockchain, the vehicle profile including a vehicleconfiguration and a vehicle status of the vehicle; (2) estimating, viathe one or more processors, the Actual Cash Value (ACV) of the vehiclebased upon, at least in part, the vehicle configuration and vehiclestatus of the vehicle; and/or (3) broadcasting, via the one or moreprocessors, a change to the blockchain to alter the vehicle profile ofthe vehicle to update the ACV of the vehicle. The method may includeadditional, less, or alternate actions, including those discussedelsewhere herein.

In another aspect, a network node on a shared ledger system forestimating an Actual Cash Value (ACV) of a vehicle being tracked on ablockchain by VIN may be provided. The network node may include (i) anetwork interface configured to interface with one or more processors;(ii) a memory configured to store non-transitory computer executableinstructions and configured to interface with the one or moreprocessors; and/or (iii) the one or more processors configured tointerface with the memory and configured to (1) locate a vehicle profileof a vehicle identified by a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) on ablockchain, the vehicle profile including a vehicle configuration and avehicle status of the vehicle; and/or (2) estimate, via the one or moreprocessors, the Actual Cash Value (ACV) of the vehicle based upon, atleast in part, the vehicle configuration and vehicle status of thevehicle. The node may be configured to perform additional, less, oralternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.

In another aspect, a method of validating an actual cash value of avehicle by a shared ledger may be provided. The method may include (1)inspecting a vehicle, the vehicle being tracked on a blockchain byVehicle Identification Number (VIN); (2) creating an inspection reportbased upon the inspecting operation; and/or (3) broadcasting atransaction to nodes in a network of the blockchain, the transactionaltering a vehicle profile of the vehicle by adding the inspectionreport to the blockchain, the inspection report including the VIN. Themethod may include additional, less, or alternate actions, includingthose discussed elsewhere herein.

Advantages will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in theart from the following description of the preferred aspects which havebeen shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized,the present aspects may be capable of other and different aspects, andtheir details are capable of modification in various respects.Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded asillustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The figures described below depict various aspects of the system andmethods disclosed herein. It should be understood that each figuredepicts an embodiment of a particular aspect of the disclosed system andmethods, and that each of the figures is intended to accord with apossible embodiment thereof. Further, wherever possible, the followingdescription refers to the reference numerals included in the followingfigures, in which features depicted in multiple figures are designatedwith consistent reference numerals.

There are shown in the drawings arrangements which are presentlydiscussed, it being understood, however, that the present embodimentsare not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown,wherein:

FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary centralized database system 100 inaccordance with one aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1B depicts an exemplary distributed ledger system 112 in accordancewith one aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary transaction flow 200 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary block propagation flow 210 in accordancewith one aspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary sequence diagram 300 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary node 400 in accordance with one aspect ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary blockchain 500 in accordance with one aspectof the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 600 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 700 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 800 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 900 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 1000 associated with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 1100 associated with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 1200 associated with oneaspect of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to handle a total loss vehicle;

FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to determine whether a vehicle is over or underfinanced;

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to generate a UBI (Usage-Based Insurance) quote;

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to provide UBI (Usage-Based Insurance);

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to estimate vehicle Actual Cash Value (ACV) basedupon actual vehicle build; and

FIGS. 18 and 19 depict exemplary computer-implemented methods ofutilizing blockchain technology to handle vehicles after vehiclecollisions based upon vehicle sensor data.

The figures depict aspects of the present invention for purposes ofillustration only. One skilled in the art will readily recognize fromthe following discussion that alternate aspects of the structures andmethods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from theprinciples of the invention described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present embodiments relate to, inter alia, systems and methods forusing a blockchain to record information related to processes andservices in the automotive industry. For example, a blockchain may beused to manage the automotive claims process, a vehicle's loss history,and/or the lifecycle of a Vehicle Identification Number or other vehicleidentifier. The systems and methods described herein allow for using ablockchain which gives the option for sharing private information withpermissioned participants in the blockchain. In particular, the systemsand methods allow for a distributed consensus amongst entities involvedin the automotive industry such as businesses, consumers, andauthorities, as to the validity of information and transactions storedon the blockchain.

Some exemplary, but not limiting, applications that may take advantageof the disclosed systems and methods relate to problems surrounding theautomotive claims process, vehicle loss history, and/or the lifecycle ofa Vehicle Identification Number or other vehicle identifier.Specifically, such applications may be: processing automotive insuranceclaims, tracking a vehicle's loss history, tracking a VehicleIdentification Number (or other vehicle identifier) over the course ofthe vehicle's life, transferring a vehicle title in a total lossscenario, subrogation transactions related to a vehicle accident,tracking a vehicle's usage history, changes to insurance coverage of thevehicle, administering Usage-Based Insurance (UBI), validating vehiclecollision data, transferring a vehicle title, executing and processingtravel insurance, interacting with original equipment manufacturers fora vehicle to comply with a vehicle recall, tracking a safety feature ofautonomous features, detecting a need to recalibrate vehicle sensors,and/or tracking information from the national insurance crime bureau.

The above listed examples, and disclosed systems and methods, may use anapplication of distributed ledgers, where each new block may becryptographically linked to the previous block in order to form a“blockchain,” also referred to herein as a “shared ledger.” Moreparticularly, to create a new block, each transaction within a block maybe assigned a hash value (i.e., an output of a cryptographic hashfunction, such as SHA-256 or MD5). These hash values may then becombined utilizing data storage and cryptographic techniques (e.g., aMerkle Tree) to generate a hash value representative of the entire newblock, and, consequently, the transactions stored in the block. Thishash value may then be combined with the hash value of the previousblock to form a hash value included in the header of the new block,thereby cryptographically linking the new block to the blockchain. Tothis end, the precise value utilized in the header of the new block isdependent on the hash value for each transaction in the new block, aswell as the hash value for each transaction in every prior block.

According to certain aspects disclosed herein, information stored inblockchains can be trusted, because the hash value generated for the newblock and a nonce value (an arbitrary number used once) are used asinputs into a cryptographic puzzle. The cryptographic puzzle may have adifficulty set by the nodes connected to the blockchain network, or thedifficulty may be set by administrators of the blockchain network. Inone example of the cryptographic puzzle, a solving node uses the hashvalue generated for the new block and repeatedly changes the value ofthe nonce until a solution for the puzzle is found. For example, findingthe solution to the cryptographic puzzle may involve finding the noncevalue that meets certain criteria (e.g., the nonce value begins withfive zeros).

When a solution to the cryptographic puzzle is found, the solving nodepublishes the solution and the other nodes then verify that the solutionis valid. Because the solution depends on the particular hash values foreach transaction within the blockchain, if the solving node attempted tomodify any transaction stored in the blockchain, the solution would notbe verified by the other nodes. More specifically, if a single nodeattempts to modify a prior transaction within the blockchain, a cascadeof different hash values are generated for each tier of thecryptographic combination technique. This results in the header for oneor more blocks being different than the corresponding header(s) in everyother node that did not make the exact same modification.

Exemplary Database & Distributed Ledger

FIG. 1A depicts an exemplary centralized database system 100 inaccordance with one aspect of the present disclosure. FIG. 1A includes acentral authority 102, a plurality of nodes 104A, 104B, and 106, acentral ledger 108, and a plurality of network connections 110. In oneexemplary operation of the database system 100, one of the nodes, forexample Node A 104A, issues a request to the central authority 102 toperform an action on data stored in the central ledger 108. This requestmay be a request to create, read, update, or delete data that is storedin the central ledger 108.

The central authority 102 receives the request, processes the request,makes any necessary changes to the data stored in the central ledger108, and informs the requesting node, Node A 104A, of the status of therequest. The central authority 102 may also send out status updates tothe other nodes on the network about the change made, if any, to thedata by Node A 104A. In the database system 100, all interaction withthe data stored in the central ledger 108 occurs through the centralauthority 102. In this way, the central authority functions as agatekeeper of the data.

Thus, the central authority 102 operates as a single point of entry forinteracting with the data. Consequently, the central authority 102represents a single point of failure for the entire centralized databasesystem 100. To this end, if the central authority 102 is not accessibleto the nodes in the database system 100, then the data stored in thecentral ledger 108 is not accessible. In another example, eachindividual node may maintain their own databases. In this example, atthe end of the day, each node sends a copy of their respective databaseto the central authority 102. The central authority 102 may thenreconcile the received databases to form a single cohesive record of thedata stored in the central ledger 108.

Conversely, FIG. 1B depicts an exemplary distributed ledger system 112in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure. An example of adistributed ledger system 112 is the blockchain system described above.FIG. 1B includes a plurality of nodes 104A, 104B, and 106, a distributedledger 114, and network connections 110. In a distributed ledger system112, each node maintains a copy of the distributed ledger 114. Aschanges are made to the distributed ledger 114, each node updates theirrespective copy of the distributed ledger 114. A consensus mechanism maybe used by the nodes in the distributed ledger system 112 to decidewhether it is appropriate to make changes to the distributed ledger 114.

Therefore, each node has their own copy of the distributed ledger 114,which is identical to every other copy of the distributed ledger 114stored by each other node. The distributed ledger system 112 is morerobust than a central authority database system, because the distributedledger system 112 is decentralized. As such, there is no single point offailure.

Exemplary Transaction Flow & Block Propagation Flow

FIG. 2A depicts an exemplary transaction flow 200 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure. FIG. 2A includes a transaction 202,three different time frames 204, 206, and 208, a set of nodes, networkconnections 110, and a distributed ledger 114. The transaction flow 200may represent a sequential flow of a transaction through a network, suchas the network depicted in FIG. 1B. For example, at time 204 Node A 104Agenerates a transaction 202.

The transaction 202 may use data that is stored in the distributedledger 114, or the transaction 202 may use data received by the nodefrom outside the distributed ledger 114. Node A 104A may transmit thenewly generated transaction to Node C 106 via the network connection110. At time 206, Node C 106 receives the transaction 202, and confirmsthat the information contained therein is correct. If the informationcontained in the transaction 202 is not correct Node C 106 may rejectthe transaction, and not propagate the transaction 202 through thesystem. If the information contained in the transaction 202 is correctNode C 106 may transmit the transaction 202 to its neighbor Node B 104B.

Similarly, at time 208, Node B 104B may receive the transaction 202 andeither confirm or reject the transaction 202. In some embodiments, theNode B 104B may not transmit the confirmed transaction 202, becausethere are no further nodes to transmit to, and/or all the nodes in thenetwork have already received transaction 202.

In some embodiments, at any of time frames 204, 206, or 208, any of thenodes may add the confirmed transaction 202 to their copy of thedistributed ledger 114, or to a block of transactions stored in thedistributed ledger. In some embodiments, confirming the transaction 202includes checking cryptographic key-pairs for participants involved inthe transaction 202. Checking the cryptographic key-pairs may follow amethod laid out by a consensus protocol, such as the consensus protocoldiscussed in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 2B depicts an exemplary block propagation flow 210 in accordancewith one aspect of the present disclosure. FIG. 2B includes two timeframes 212 and 214, Node C 106 and Node B 104B, a set of transactions202A-202D, a set of blocks of transactions 216A-216D, a distributedledger 114, and a blockchain 218. The block propagation flow 210 mayfollow the blockchain system described above, or may follow anotherblockchain propagation algorithm.

The block propagation flow 210 may begin with Node C 106 receivingtransaction 202A at time 212. When Node C 106 confirms that transaction202A is valid, the Node C 106 may add the transaction to a newlygenerated block 216. As part of adding the transaction 202A to block216, Node C 106 may solve a cryptographic puzzle and include thesolution in the newly generated block 216 as proof of the work done togenerate the block 216. This proof of work may be similar to the proofof work described above which utilizes guessing a nonce value. In otherembodiments, the transaction 202A may be added to a pool of transactionsuntil a sufficient number of transactions in the pool exist to form ablock. Node C 106 may transmit the newly created block 216 to thenetwork at 220. Before or after propagating the block 216, Node C 106may add the block 216 to its copy of the blockchain 218.

At time 214. Node B 104B may receive the newly created block 216. Node B104B may verify that the block of transactions 216 is valid by checkingthe solution to the cryptographic puzzle provided in the block 216. Ifthe solution is accurate then Node B 104B may add the block 216 to itsblockchain 218 and transmit the block 216 to the rest of the network at222.

Exemplary Sequence Diagram

FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary sequence diagram 300 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure. FIG. 3 includes a set of nodes 104A,104B, and 106. At 302, Node A 104A may generate a transaction. Thetransaction may be transmitted from Node A 104A to Node C 106 at 304.Node C 106 may validate the transaction at 306, and, if the transactionis valid, transmit the transaction at 308 to Node B 104B. Node B 104Bmay validate the transaction at 310. At 312, Node C 106 may compile ablock including the validated transaction. Compiling a block may includegenerating a solution to a cryptographic puzzle, and linking the blockto other blocks, as described in the embodiments above. Once the blockis compiled, Node C 106 may transmit the block with the solution at 314to both Node A 104A and Node B 104B.

Both Node A 104A and Node B 104B may then validate the solution to theblock at 316. Verifying may include checking a cryptographic key-pair asdescribed above. At 318 the three nodes form a consensus that thesolution is valid, thereby forming a consensus on the blocks oftransactions stored by all the nodes.

Exemplary Node

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary node 400 in accordance with one aspect ofthe present disclosure. In some embodiments, node 400 may be the sametype of node as Node C 106 in FIGS. 1A-3. In other embodiments, node 400may be the same type of node as Node A 104A and Node B 104B in FIGS.1A-3. Node 400 may be capable of performing the functionality disclosedherein. In particular, node 400 may be utilized in the decentralizedsystem described in FIG. 1B, the flows of transactions and blocksdescribed in FIGS. 2A and 2B, and/or the blockchain system 500 describedbelow in FIG. 5.

FIG. 4 may include at least one processor 402, memory 404, acommunication module 406, a set of applications 408, external ports 410,user interface 412, a blockchain manager 414, smart contracts 416,operating system 418, a display screen 420, and input/output components422. In some embodiments, the node 400 may generate a new block oftransactions or may broadcast transactions to other network nodes byusing the blockchain manager 414. Similarly, the node 400 may use theblockchain manager 414 in conjunction with the smart contracts 416stored in memory 404 to execute the functionality disclosed herein.

In other embodiments, the smart contracts 416 operate independent of theblockchain manager 414 or other applications. In some embodiments, node400 does not have a blockchain manager 414, or smart contracts 416stored at the node. In some embodiments, the node 400 may haveadditional or less components than what is described. The components ofthe node 400 are described in more detail below.

The node 400, as part of a decentralized ledger system 112, or anotherdecentralized or centralized network, may be used as part of systemsthat interact with and/or manipulate data and transactions associatedwith the automotive claims process, the vehicle loss history process,and/or the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) lifecycle process.

Exemplary Blockchain System

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary blockchain system 500 in accordance with oneaspect of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 includes a blockchain 502, ablock of transactions 504, a Merkle Tree 506, and a transaction 508. TheMerkle Tree may be the above-referenced Merkle Tree thatcryptographically links transactions together. In other embodiments, theblockchain system 500 may utilize a different method of organizingtransactions in a block. In some embodiments, the blockchain system 500may include a plurality of blocks connected together to form a chain ofblocks of transactions 502.

Each block of transactions 504 may include at least one transaction 508.In other embodiments, each block of transactions 504 may have a sizelimit that necessarily limits the number of transactions that the blockmay store. Each block of transactions 504 may include a reference to aprevious block of transactions that was added to the blockchain 502prior to the block of transactions 504 being added to the blockchain502. As such, and as described above, each block of transactions 504 maybe linked to every other block in the blockchain 502.

In some embodiments, the block of transactions 504 may organize thetransactions it has received into a Merkle Tree 506 to facilitate accessto the stored transactions. The transactions may be hashed using acryptographic hash algorithm, such as the algorithms discussed above,and the hash of each transaction may be stored in the tree. As the treeis constructed, the hash of each adjacent node at the same level may behashed together to create a new node that exists at a higher level inthe tree. Therefore, the root of the tree, or the node at the top of thetree, may be dependent upon the hash of each transaction stored below inthe tree. Each transaction 508 may include a set of data 510. The set ofdata 510 may include identifying data for the transaction, andtransaction data identifying the nature of the transaction and what thetransactions entails (e.g., input and output addresses, a transactionvalue, a document hash value, a timestamp, a transaction fee value,etc.).

In one implementation, documents stored “on” a blockchain are documentsthat have been hashed according to a cryptographic hashing algorithm(e.g., SHA-256) and the resulting output hash has been included in atransaction in a block that has been accepted by the network nodes assatisfying the consensus rules of the blockchain. As such, the documentsmay be later verified or validated by comparing the hash of thedocuments to the hash stored on the blockchain. For example, if a set ofdocuments results in a SHA-256 hash that was recorded on a blockchain ona certain date, then the blockchain provides cryptographic proof thatthe documents existed as of that date.

One way of storing a document on a blockchain is to broadcast atransaction including a hash of the document to the network, which maybe included in a block if the transaction satisfies all of the consensusrules of the network. In some implementations, the blockchain is apermissioned ledger, meaning only authorized network participants maybroadcast transactions. In other implementations, only some authorizednetwork participants may make certain transactions. For example, in somejurisdictions, vehicle manufacturers may be assigned VIN (VehicleIdentification Number) numbers at, or even after, the time ofmanufacture. Participants in a shared ledger may only wish for vehiclemanufacturers to be able to broadcast transactions or blocksestablishing new vehicles with assigned VIN numbers on the system. Sinceaspects of the present disclosure may rely on the immutable nature of ablockchain to track the VIN lifecycle, it may be undesirable fornon-vehicle manufacturer participants to be able to modify or add a VINnumber, or other type of vehicle identifier, including those discussedelsewhere herein.

In another implementation, information regarding the vehicle over thevehicle's lifetime may be added to the blockchain only by authorizedparticipants, such as the vehicle owner or an authorized repair shop. Inyet another implementation, certain information, such as telematicsinformation may only be added to the blockchain by the vehicle itself,such as through an automated process initiated by an event (e.g., if thevehicle is in a crash, the vehicle broadcasts a transaction to theblockchain to store a hash of the vehicle's telematics data recordedover a period of time before the crash occurred).

If only certain network participants are authorized to broadcasttransactions or add blocks to the blockchain, then one of the consensusrules of the network may be a proof-of-identity. One way to include aproof-of-identity of an entity broadcasting a transaction to theblockchain, or adding a block to the blockchain, is for the entity tocryptographically sign a message to prove the entity's identity.

In one implementation, an authorizing body may publish publiccryptographic keys associated with network participants authorized tomake certain changes to the blockchain. For example, an authorizing bodymay publish public cryptographic keys owned by vehicle manufacturers.When a vehicle manufacturer produces a new vehicle with a unique VINnumber (or other vehicle identifier), the vehicle manufacturer maybroadcast a transaction or message to the blockchain network that issigned with a private cryptographic key corresponding to the publishedcryptographic key. The authorizing body may issue the privatecryptographic keys to authorized vehicle manufacturers. Alternatively,or additionally, the vehicle manufacturers may independently generatepublic/private cryptographic key pairs, and then provide the public keyto the authorizing body for publication. If the vehicle manufacturersgenerate their own public/private key pairs, then security may beincreased because no entity other than the vehicle manufacturer itselfneeds to ever be in possession of the manufacturer's privatecryptographic key.

Validating network nodes may verify that the signed transaction orsigned message was signed by the private cryptographic key correspondingto the published public cryptographic key owned by the authorizedvehicle manufacturer. In at least one implementation, a validproof-of-identity may be applied as a consensus rule by the blockchainnetwork. As such, any transaction attempting to add a new VIN number (orother vehicle identifier) to the blockchain without a cryptographicproof-of-identity matching an identity authorized to add a new VINnumber (or other vehicle identifier) is rejected by the network asnon-compliant with the consensus rule.

In another implementation, no central authorizing body publishes a listof entities authorized to broadcast a transaction or add a block, but abroadcasting entity may still include a proof-of-identity in atransaction. As such, it may not be necessary to maintain a publishedlist of entities and validate those entities with every new transactionor block because the identity of the broadcasting entity is recordedimmutably on the blockchain, and may be verified at a later time ifneeded. For example, if a vehicle detects a crash event (e.g., deployedairbag, collision sensor, etc.), the vehicle may broadcast a transactionto the network with the vehicle's telematics data that is signed by aprivate key stored on the vehicle (e.g., in a hardware component on thevehicle dedicated to generation, storage, and management of private keysthat only signs transactions and never transmits the private keys toother components of the vehicle). The identity of the vehicle thatuploaded the telematics data may later be verified by another signedmessage from the vehicle even if the identity is not verified by theconsensus rules of the blockchain network. Alternatively, oradditionally, a vehicle may periodically sign messages with thevehicle's private cryptographic key to establish ownership of theprivate key (e.g., when paying a toll or fee on the blockchain, whenreceiving maintenance work or real-world verification of a state of thevehicle, such as a reading of the vehicle's mileage, etc.).

Reporting and Tracking the Auto Claim Process

In one embodiment, reporting and tracking events related to anautomotive claims process may be conducted on a blockchain. Theautomotive insurance claims process may involve the following parties: avehicle owner, an insurer, a repair facility, a parts supplier, alogistics provider, and/or a rental provider, and/or other parties.Presently, the process may involve a considerable amount ofcommunication, and coordination back and forth between all of therelevant parties listed above. As such, the process may be timeconsuming, and there may be difficulties ensuring the correctinformation is received by the correct party at the correct time. Byinstituting the process on a blockchain, significant time and resourceimprovements may be obtained.

After a vehicle owner is in an accident, the claims process typicallymay begin when the insurer receives a loss report for the vehicle. Theinsurer may determine coverage based upon the loss report, triages thevehicle, and/or sends a repair assignment to a repair facility.Optionally, the insurer may assign a rental vehicle to the vehicle ownerif applicable. The rental provider may provide the rental vehicleaccordingly. Throughout the process, the vehicle owner providesauthorization to repair the vehicle, and pay for such repairs, and paysa deductible.

At some point, a repair facility may take control of the vehicle. Insome cases, the repair facility may provide a rental car, or substitutetransportation to the vehicle owner. The repair facility securesauthorization to repair the vehicle from the vehicle owner. Once this issecured, the repair facility identifies potential areas of priordamage/betterment, develops a repair plan, and prepares a repairestimate. The repair facility may request parts from suppliers, finalizeany parts orders, update the estimate accordingly, and generally managethe repair of the vehicle. As part of the repair process, the repairfacility may provide photographic evidence of the damage done to thevehicle. With the present embodiments, these photographs may then beuploaded to the blockchain after they have been hashed so as to ensurethat any private information is protected, but also that the photographsprovided are valid.

The insurer is largely responsible for determining the coverage,coordinating with the repair facility and rental provider, and forcommunicating with the vehicle owner. Additionally, in some of thepresent embodiments, the insurer may be a provider of the network onwhich the blockchain to manage the process is stored, or may be aparticipant on the network.

All of the participants in the network may be responsible for verifyingor supplying information that is stored on the blockchain, and providingadditional information to the blockchain to facilitate the auto claimsprocess. For example, periodic updates to a state of the vehicle may bestored on the blockchain to track changing aspects of the vehicleaccording to the vehicle's VIN number (or other unique vehicleidentifier) over time. For example, an insurance agreement may require avehicle owner to periodically visit an authorized automotive serviceprovider to collect information regarding the vehicle (e.g., emissionscompliance, mileage, performance of scheduled maintenance, repairs,damage to the vehicle, etc.).

After collection of the information regarding the vehicle, theauthorized automotive service provider may broadcast a transaction tothe blockchain or add a new block to the blockchain to reflect anupdated state of the vehicle. In at least one implementation, theautomotive service provider may broadcast a transaction to theblockchain network to update status of a vehicle that the automotiveservice provider has measured by inspecting and/or working on thevehicle. As such, tracking status of a vehicle may be fraud-resistantbecause the automotive service provider may include a proof-of-identityin its transaction modifying the state of the vehicle.

Some of the network participants may function as nodes that validate newblocks and transactions, and compile transactions into blocks that arethen added to the network (e.g., “full nodes”). Not all participants,however, need be nodes that compile transactions into blocks, and/orvalidate transactions and blocks received from other networkparticipants. Participating in the network as a full node may incurcosts in disk storage, computational resources, and/or bandwidth costsneeded to exchange chain data with other network participants. Networkparticipants who do not wish to incur these or other costs may rely onother network nodes to provide services that enable usage of the system(“simplified nodes”). For example, full nodes may make copies of theblockchain available for review and analysis (e.g., a “block explorer”)to simplified nodes, full nodes may receive transactions from simplifiednodes and propagate the transactions to other network participants, etc.

In one exemplary embodiment, the systems and methods disclosed may beused by a participant to receive a vehicle loss report, access a blockstored on a blockchain to determine if information for the vehiclecorresponding to the vehicle loss report is stored on the blockchain,analyze the received vehicle identifier notification, perform anynecessary changes to information stored on the blockchain related to thevehicle and/or the vehicle loss report, and/or transmit the block wherethe vehicle information is stored, or a vehicle loss report is stored,to another participant on the network.

In some cases, updating and transmitting the block includes creating anew block with relevant information that will be added to theblockchain. In some embodiments, a node, such as the node 400 depictedin FIG. 4, may be the recipient of the vehicle loss report, and the nodemay be a part of a distributed ledger system, such as the system 112 ofFIG. 1B. In some embodiments, a graphical user interface may be used toensure that a user, or participant, may interact with the datapresented, and more easily track the relevant data as it progressesthrough its process and is stored on the blockchain. Additionally, aspart of the process any relevant title information, or any liens thatare held against the vehicle, may be a part of the process.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for Reporting and Tracking theAuto Claim Process

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 600 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure, in particular, using a blockchain forreporting and tracking events related to an automotive claims processamong a network of participants. In some embodiments, the network ofparticipants may be the nodes described above, for example, node 400depicted in FIG. 4. The blockchain used by the participants may be theblockchain 500 depicted in FIG. 5, whose operation is described in FIGS.2A, 2B, and 5. The steps of the computer-implemented method 600 may beperformed by the nodes in the network of participants, such as the nodesdescribed in FIGS. 1A-4. The method 600 may include additional, fewer,or alternative actions, including those described elsewhere herein.

The computer-implemented method 600 for reporting and tracking eventsrelated to an automotive claims process on a blockchain reported andtracked by a plurality of participants in the blockchain network mayinclude (1) receiving, at a processor, a notification of a vehicle lossreport (or other notification of a vehicle loss) from a firstparticipant (602); (2) storing, at a memory coupled with the processor,the vehicle loss report on the blockchain (block 604); (3) generating,at the processor, a coverage amount based upon the vehicle loss report(block 606); (4) generating, at the processor, an order based upon thenotification, wherein the order includes or comprises a repairassignment and a replacement vehicle request (block 608); (5) storing,at the memory, the repair assignment on the blockchain (610); (6)transmitting, at the processor, the order to at least a secondparticipant (block 612); (7) receiving, at the processor, a repairestimate from the second participant (block 614); and/or (8)transmitting, at the processor, the repair estimate and the coverageamount to the first participant (block 616).

In some embodiments, the first participant is the vehicle owner, and inother embodiments the second participant is a repair facility. In otherembodiments, both the first participant is the vehicle owner and thesecond participant is a repair facility.

In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method may include (i)receiving, at the processor, a repair approval from the firstparticipant; (ii) transmitting, at the processor, the repair approval tothe second participant; and/or (iii) storing, at the memory, the repairapproval on the blockchain. Alternatively, the computer-implementedmethod may include (a) transmitting, at the processor, the order to athird participant, wherein the third participant is a rental provider;(b) receiving, at the processor, a rental bill from the thirdparticipant; and/or (c) storing, at the memory, the rental bill on theblockchain.

In yet other embodiments, prior to receiving the repair estimate, themethod may include receiving, at the processor, a parts deliverynotification from a fourth participant, wherein the fourth participantis a parts supplier; and/or storing, at the memory, the parts deliverynotification on the blockchain. Similarly, in some embodiments, prior toreceiving the repair approval, receiving, at the processor, a partsdelivery confirmation from a fifth participant, wherein the fifthparticipant is a logistics provider; and/or storing, at the memory, theparts delivery confirmation on the blockchain.

In some embodiments, the method may include receiving, at the processor,a final repair bill from the second participant; and/or storing, at thememory, the final repair bill on the blockchain. Additionally, in someembodiments, the method may include, wherein if items are stored on theblockchain, updating, at the memory, a copy of the blockchain stored atthe memory; and/or transmitting, via the network interface, the updatedcopy of the blockchain to at least one other participant. Similarly,some embodiments may include receiving, at the processor, a repairrejection from the first participant; transmitting, at the processor,the repair rejection to the second participant; and/or storing, at thememory, the repair rejection on the blockchain.

Vehicle Loss History

In one embodiment, reporting and tracking events related to a vehicleloss history, are stored on a blockchain maintained by a plurality ofparticipants. The vehicle loss history may include information on thefollowing parties: a vehicle owner, an insurer, a repair facility, aparts supplier, a logistics provider, and/or a rental provider, or otherparties. Presently, the process may involve a considerable amount ofcommunication, and coordination back and forth between potentially allof the relevant parties listed above. As such, the process may be timeconsuming, and there may be difficulties ensuring the correctinformation is received by the correct party at the correct time. Insome instances, a user may be able to use a Vehicle IdentificationNumber, or other unique vehicle identifier, including those discussedelsewhere herein, to acquire the loss history for that vehicle. Byinstituting the process for tracking and reporting on a blockchain,significant time and resource improvements may be obtained.

In one exemplary embodiment, the systems and methods disclosed may beused by a participant to (i) receive a loss history for a vehicle; (ii)access a block stored on a blockchain to determine if information forthe vehicle is stored on the blockchain; (iii) analyze the receivedvehicle loss history; (iv) perform any necessary changes to informationstored on the blockchain related to the vehicle and/or the vehicle losshistory; and/or (v) transmit the block where the vehicle information isstored, or vehicle loss history is stored, to another participant on thenetwork. In some cases, updating and transmitting the block comprisescreating a new block with relevant information that will be added to theblockchain.

In some embodiments, a node, such as the node 400 depicted in FIG. 4,may be the recipient of the vehicle loss history, and the node may be apart of a distributed ledger system, such as the system 112 of FIG. 1B.In some embodiments, a graphical user interface may be used to ensurethat a user, or participant, may interact with the data presented andmore easily track as the relevant data progresses through its processand is stored on the blockchain. Additionally, as part of the processany relevant title information, or any liens that are held against thevehicle may be part of the process.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for Vehicle Loss History

FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 700 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure for tracking a vehicle loss history that isstored on a blockchain maintained by a plurality of participants. Insome embodiments, the network of participants may be the nodes describedabove, for example node 400 depicted in FIG. 4. The blockchain used bythe participants may be the blockchain 500 depicted in FIG. 5, whoseoperation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5. The steps of thecomputer-implemented method 700 may be performed by the nodes in thenetwork of participants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Themethod 700 may include additional, fewer, or alternative actions,including those described elsewhere herein.

The exemplary flow diagram 700 may include (1) receiving, at a processorcoupled with a network interface, a vehicle loss notification from atleast a first participant, wherein the vehicle loss notificationcomprises a vehicle identifier, a driver identifier, and/or a vehicleloss report (block 702); (2) accessing, at a memory coupled with aprocessor, the blockchain using the vehicle identifier (block 704); (3)updating, at the memory, a block stored at the memory using the vehicleidentifier, the driver identifier, and/or the vehicle loss report (block706); and/or (4) transmitting, via the processor coupled with thenetwork interface, the block to at least a second participant (block708).

The vehicle identifier may include those vehicle identifiers discussedelsewhere herein, such as Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs), licenseplate numbers, vehicle build information, vehicle owner information,auto insurance policy number, vehicle address information, taxidentification number, other insurance policy numbers, auto loanidentification number, autonomous vehicle features or systems ortechnologies, semi-autonomous vehicle features or systems, ortechnologies, and/or other vehicle or driver identifiers. The driveridentifier may include driver or owner SSN (Social Security Number),driver or employee number, driver or owner name, driver or owneraddress, insurance policy number, driver license number, and/or otherdriver or vehicle identifiers.

In some embodiments, the first participant is a sensor system attachedto the vehicle. In other embodiments, the first participant is a repairshop. Similarly, in some embodiments, accessing the blockchain using thevehicle identifier may include: searching, at the processor, theblockchain using the vehicle identifier for a block which includes thevehicle identifier; and/or verifying, at the processor, the vehicleidentifier stored at the block.

In other embodiments, if the vehicle identifier is not stored at ablock, generating, at the processor, a vehicle record using the vehicleidentifier; adding, at the processor, the vehicle identifier, the driveridentifier, and the vehicle loss report to a vehicle loss transaction;linking, at the processor, the vehicle loss transaction and the vehiclerecord; adding, at the processor, the vehicle loss transaction to a setof vehicle loss transactions; and/or adding, at the processor, the setof vehicle loss transactions and the vehicle record to the block.

In some embodiments, updating the block may include: adding, at theprocessor, the vehicle identifier, the driver identifier, and thevehicle loss report to a vehicle loss transaction; adding, at theprocessor, the vehicle loss transaction to a set of vehicle losstransactions; and/or adding, at the processor, the set of vehicle losstransactions to the block.

In other embodiments, the method may include solving, at the processor,a cryptographic puzzle corresponding to the block; and/or adding, at theprocessor, the solution to the cryptographic puzzle to the block.Additionally, in some embodiments, updating, at the memory, theblockchain by adding the block to the blockchain.

In yet other embodiments of the method, the at least one otherparticipant is an insurer, a vehicle owner, a repair shop, orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method may includereceiving, at the processor, a repair notification from at least a thirdparticipant, wherein the third participant is a repair shop.

VIN Lifecycle

In one aspect, the systems and methods are directed to tracking avehicle identifier on a blockchain maintained by a plurality ofparticipants. In one embodiment, the vehicle identifier may be a VehicleIdentification Number, more commonly referred to as a VIN. The VIN mayconform to a particular standard for Vehicle Identification Numbers,such as standards formulated and promulgated by, for example, theFederal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, the International StandardsOrganization Standards, the Society of Automotive Engineers Standards,and/or the Australian Design Rules standards. These, and other,standards have particular information requirements that must be met forvehicles that are manufactured, imported/exported, or sold withinparticular jurisdictions.

Some of the information that these standards require for disclosure inthe VIN are: a world manufacturer identifier, attributes of the vehicle(e.g., automotive platform used, the model for the vehicle, the bodystyle of the vehicle, any safety features of the vehicle, self-drivingfeatures for the vehicle, autonomous vehicle characteristics for thevehicle), a vehicle model year, vehicle identifier information toidentify that particular vehicle, any software or software versions forsystems used by the vehicle or its components, and more particularinformation about the vehicle manufacturer. VINs may be used for manytypes of vehicles, such as, for example, individual motor vehicles,towed vehicles, motorcycles, scooters and mopeds.

The VIN may be reported to several agencies after the vehicle ismanufactured, and throughout the lifecycle of the vehicle. For example,the VIN may be checked when a vehicle is sold, or when the vehicle isdestroyed. Any updates to the vehicle may impact the VIN, andaccordingly new information may need to be added to the blockchain, suchas an odometer reading. By instituting the process for tracking the VINfrom manufacture to salvage, aka “cradle to the grave,” on a blockchain,significant time and resource improvements may be obtained.

In one exemplary embodiment, the systems and methods disclosed may beused by a participant to (i) receive a vehicle identifier notification;(ii) access a block stored on a blockchain to determine if informationfor the vehicle corresponding to the vehicle identifier notification isstored on the blockchain; (iii) analyze the received vehicle identifiernotification; (iv) perform any necessary changes to information storedon the blockchain related to the vehicle and/or the vehicle identifiernotification; and/or (v) transmit the block where the vehicleinformation is stored, or a vehicle identifier notification is stored,to another participant on the network.

In some cases, updating and transmitting the block may include creatinga new block with relevant information that will be added to theblockchain. In some embodiments, a node, such as the node 400 depictedin FIG. 4, may be the recipient of the vehicle loss history, and thenode may be a part of a distributed ledger system, such as the system112 of FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, a graphical user interface may beused to enable a user, or participant, to interact with the datapresented and to more easily track relevant data as it progressesthrough the disclosed processes. Additionally, any relevant titleinformation, including any liens that are held against the vehicle, maybe tracked as part of the VIN lifecycle process.

In one aspect, the transferability of title may be maintained throughthe VIN lifecycle process. To this end, several jurisdictions mayrequire the current mileage of the vehicle to be reported in order torecord the title transfer. Yet, when the vehicle has been in asignificant collision, it may be difficult or impossible to retrievethis information from the vehicle itself. However, the VIN lifecycleprocess may be leveraged to associate the VIN with periodic mileagereports.

Thus, even if the vehicle experiences a significant collision, themileage information may be determined based upon the record included inthe distributed ledger. Of course, in addition to mileage, otherinformation related to the transferability of title may be recorded aspart of the VIN lifecycle process. For example, some jurisdictions mayrequire the vehicle to have complied with a smog or other check, and/oris associated with a vehicle insurance policy. Accordingly, thedocumentation associated with these requirements may also be recorded tothe distributed leger as part of the VIN lifecycle process.

In another aspect, the VIN lifecycle process may be utilized to trackcompliance with original equipment manufacturer (OEM) recalls. Asdescribed above, the VIN lifecycle process may include recording avehicle type (e.g. make, model, and/or year) for each tracked VIN.Accordingly, a participant is able to readily query the blockchain forthe VIN records corresponding to the recalled vehicle type, and recordone or more transactions and/or events to the VIN record. For example,the participant may record a transaction and/or event relating to therecall notice, and/or about any communications sent to an entityassociated with the vehicle. Further, some jurisdictions require thatOEMs maintain documentation about efforts conducted to inform consumersas to a recall. Accordingly, recording the transactions and/or events tothe corresponding VIN records may satisfy this jurisdictionalrequirement.

In yet another aspect, the VIN lifecycle process may enable an insurerto offer discounts for autonomous or semi-autonomous safety features(lane departure assistance, early braking, traffic jam autonomous mode,etc.) sooner than conventionally possible. The types of autonomous orsemi-autonomous vehicle-related functionality or technology that may beused with the present embodiments and/or stored on blockchains may berelated to at least the following types of functionality: (a) fullyautonomous (driverless); (b) limited driver control; (c)vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication; (d)vehicle-to-infrastructure (and/or vice versa) wireless communication;(e) automatic or semi-automatic steering; (f) automatic orsemi-automatic acceleration; (g) automatic or semi-automatic braking;(h) automatic or semi-automatic blind spot monitoring; (i) automatic orsemi-automatic collision warning; (j) adaptive cruise control; (k)automatic or semi-automatic parking/parking assistance; (l) automatic orsemi-automatic collision preparation (windows roll up, seat adjustsupright, brakes pre-charge, etc.); (m) driver acuity/alertnessmonitoring; (n) pedestrian detection; (o) autonomous or semi-autonomousbackup systems; (p) road mapping systems; (q) software security andanti-hacking measures; (r) theft prevention/automatic return; (s)automatic or semi-automatic driving without occupants; and/or otherfunctionality. In some embodiments, the autonomous or semi-autonomousvehicle functionality or technology for each vehicle may be added to ablockchain associated with that vehicle, and may be used as partial orcomplete vehicle identifiers.

Traditionally, insurance may be offered based upon vehicle type(make/model/year). When a new autonomous or semiautonomous safetyfeature is first introduced into a vehicle type, however, there may begenerally insufficient data to determine whether or not the safetyfeature reduces the likelihood of an accident (and thus, the filing of aclaim). Accordingly, traditionally insurers initially may offerinsurance rates and/or other products based upon prior versions of thevehicle type that lack the safety feature.

On the other hand, the VIN lifecycle process may include an indicationof any autonomous or semiautonomous safety feature included in avehicle. For example, the indication may include information about adeveloper of the safety feature, a software version, and/or a date thecurrent software version was installed. Accordingly, a safety record forthe particular autonomous or semiautonomous features, as opposed to thevehicle type, may be developed by comparing vehicles having a similarvehicle type but have different sets of autonomous or semiautonomoussafety features. As such, when a manufacturer introduces a newautonomous or semiautonomous safety feature into a particularmake/model, an insurer may be able to accurately determine how much theautonomous or semiautonomous feature has reduced the likelihood ofcollisions in other vehicles. This information may then be used to offerdrivers of the vehicle lower insurance rates than conventionallypossible.

In still another aspect, the VIN lifecycle process may enable thedetection of when one or more sensors need to be recalibrated. To thisend, the VIN lifecycle process may record events and/or transactionsassociated with the triggering of an autonomous or semiautonomous safetyfeature. For example, an event and/or transaction may be generated eachtime a lane departure warning system is triggered. Accordingly, if aparticular autonomous or semiautonomous safety feature is beingtriggered at an abnormal rate, it may be indicative that one or moresensors used to trigger the autonomous or semiautonomous safety featureneed to be recalibrated.

Further, because the VIN lifecycle process may be applied to a pluralityof vehicles of the same vehicle type, a sensor lifetime metric (e.g., atime and/or a mileage) may be determined for one or more sensorsassociated with the version of the autonomous or semiautonomous safetyfeature. Accordingly, if an abnormal trigger rate for an autonomous orsemiautonomous safety feature is detected, the lifetime metric may beanalyzed to determine whether it is more likely that a sensor needsrecalibration or that the vehicle is being operated in an abnormalmanner (e.g., the driver does not ordinarily drive the vehicle).

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for VIN Lifecycle

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary flow diagram 800 associated with one aspectof the present disclosure for tracking a vehicle identifier on ablockchain maintained by a plurality of participants. In someembodiments, the network of participants may be the nodes describedabove, for example node 400 depicted in FIG. 4. The blockchain used bythe participants may be the blockchain 500 depicted in FIG. 5, whoseoperation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5. The steps of thecomputer-implemented method 800 may be performed by the nodes in thenetwork of participants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Themethod 800 may include additional, fewer, or alternative actions,including those described elsewhere herein.

The exemplary flow diagram 800 may include (1) receiving, at a processorcoupled with a network interface, a vehicle identifier notification froma participant (block 802); (2) accessing, at a memory coupled with aprocessor, the blockchain using the vehicle identifier notification(block 804); (3) updating, at the memory, a block stored at the memoryusing the vehicle identifier notification (block 806); and/or (4)transmitting, via the processor coupled with the network interface, theblock to at least one other participant (block 808).

In some embodiments, the vehicle identifier notification comprises orincludes a notification source, a vehicle identifier set, and anotification event. Further, in some embodiments of the method, thevehicle identifier set may comprise or include a manufacturer, adescriptor section, and an identifier section, or other vehicleidentifiers mentioned herein. Alternatively, the notification event maybe, or be associated with, a vehicle transfer, a vehicle accident, avehicle repair incident, a vehicle modification, or combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, accessing the blockchain using the vehicleidentifier notification may include: verifying, at the processor, anotification source for the vehicle identifier notification;identifying, at the processor, an entry in the blockchain correspondingto the vehicle identifier notification; and/or accessing, at the memory,the entry in the blockchain corresponding to the vehicle identifiernotification.

In other embodiments, updating the blockchain using the vehicleidentifier notification may include: verifying, at the processor, thatan entry in the blockchain corresponding to the vehicle identifiernotification exists; and/or wherein if the entry does not exist, adding,at the memory, an entry in the blockchain corresponding to the vehicleidentifier notification.

An alternative embodiment of the method may include tracking a vehicleidentifier on a blockchain maintained by a plurality of participants.The method may include: (i) receiving, at a processor coupled with anetwork interface, a vehicle identifier notification from a participant;(ii) accessing, at a memory coupled with a processor, the blockchainusing the vehicle identifier notification; (iii) updating, at thememory, a block stored at the memory using the vehicle identifiernotification; (iv) generating, at the processor, a solution to acryptographic puzzle involving the block; and/or (v) transmitting, viathe processor coupled with the network interface, the block and thesolution to the cryptographic puzzle to at least one other participant.

In some embodiments, accessing the blockchain using the vehicleidentifier notification may include: (a) verifying, at the processor, anotification source for the vehicle identifier notification; (b)identifying, at the processor, an entry in the blockchain correspondingto the vehicle identifier notification; and/or (c) accessing, at thememory, the entry in the blockchain corresponding to the vehicleidentifier notification. Furthermore, in some embodiments, updating theblockchain using the vehicle identifier notification may include:verifying, at the processor, that an entry in the blockchaincorresponding to the vehicle identifier notification exists; and/orwherein if the entry does not exist, adding, at the memory, an entry inthe blockchain corresponding to the vehicle identifier notification.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for Transferability of Title

FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method 900 associatedwith one aspect of the present disclosure for ensuring transferabilityof title for a vehicle. The vehicle may correspond to a VehicleIdentification Number (VIN), or other unique vehicle identifier(including those discussed elsewhere herein), tracked by a blockchainthat is maintained by a plurality of participants. In some embodiments,the network of participants may be the nodes described above, forexample node 400 depicted in FIG. 4. The blockchain used by theparticipants may be the blockchain 500 depicted in FIG. 5, whoseoperation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5. The steps of the flowdiagram 900 may be performed by the nodes in the network ofparticipants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Thecomputer-implemented method 900 may include additional, fewer, oralternative actions, including those described elsewhere herein.

The computer-implemented method 900 may include receiving, at one ormore processors (and/or transceivers) coupled with a network interface,a mileage report, the mileage report indicating an odometer reading forthe vehicle and the VIN (or other unique vehicle identifier)corresponding to the vehicle (block 902). If the node is physicallyconnected to the vehicle, receiving the mileage report may occur via avehicle bus network over which various components, including anodometer, exchange data. If the node is separate from the vehicle,receiving the mileage report may occur via a wireless communicationchannel. In one embodiment, the mileage report may be received, at oneor more processors (and/or transceivers) coupled with a networkinterface, after a threshold amount of time has elapsed since a priormileage report for the vehicle was received (e.g., every 15 minutes, orother time period). Additionally or alternatively, the mileage reportmay be received contemporaneous to the vehicle being turned on (i.e.,the mileage report is generated and transmitted when the vehicle turnedon).

At block 904, the node may access, at a memory coupled to with the oneor more processors, the blockchain using the VIN corresponding to thevehicle (or other unique vehicle identifier). To this end, the node mayinclude an interface that enables the one or more processors to retrieverecords associated with VINs (or other vehicle identifiers) tracked bythe blockchain. According to some aspects, not every node is permittedto access and/or update the blockchain, or at least, update recordsassociated with the VIN (or other vehicle identifier). Accordingly,accessing the blockchain using the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) mayinclude (1) verifying, at the one or more processors, a notificationsource for the mileage report; (2) identifying, at the one or moreprocessors, an entry in the blockchain corresponding to the VIN (orother vehicle identifier); and/or (3) accessing, at the memory, theentry in the blockchain corresponding to the VIN (or other vehicleidentifier).

In one embodiment, to verify that the mileage report is received fromthe purported entity, verifying the notification source for the mileagereport may include applying, by one or more processors, a public keyassociated with the vehicle to decrypt at least one of (i) the mileagereport, or (ii) a digital signature included in the mileage report. Tothis end, the blockchain may be associated with a public key databasethat stores a public key for each vehicle (or VIN, or other vehicleidentifier), node, and/or participant. Accordingly, upon receiving themileage report, the node may query the public key database to retrievethe appropriate public key for the entity the mileage report purports tohave transmitted the mileage report. If the retrieved public keysuccessfully decrypts the mileage report and/or the digital signature,the notification source for the mileage report may be verified. On theother hand, if the public key does not decrypt the mileage report and/orthe digital signature, the notification source for the mileage reportmay be unauthorized and the node may discard the mileage report.

At block 906, the node may update, at the memory, a block stored at thememory to associate the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) record for thevehicle with the odometer reading. In one embodiment, the update mayinclude generating a blockchain transaction and/or event that indicatesthe VIN (or other vehicle identifier), the odometer reading, and/or atime.

At block 908, the node may transmit, via the one or more processors(and/or transceivers) coupled with the network interface (such as viawireless communication or data transmission over one or more radiofrequency links and/or digital communication channels), the block to atleast one other participant. In one alternate embodiment, prior totransmitting the block, the node may generate, at the one or moreprocessors, a solution to a cryptographic puzzle. In this alternateembodiment, the solution to the cryptographic puzzle may be transmittedto the at least one other participant along with the block.

As described above, some jurisdictions may require that an odometerreading and/or other documentation is required to properly transfertitle of a vehicle between entities. Accordingly, the method 900 mayalso include receiving, at one or more processors (and/or associatedtransceivers) coupled with a network interface (such as via wirelesscommunication or data transmission over one or more radio links ordigital communication channels), a title transfer request. The titletransfer request may indicate that a title for the vehicle is beingtransferred to a new entity.

The method 900 may also include identifying, at the one or moreprocessors, an entry in the blockchain corresponding to the VIN (orother vehicle identifier) and/or accessing, at the memory, the entry inthe blockchain corresponding to the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) toretrieve an odometer reading for the vehicle. Additionally, accessingthe entry in the blockchain corresponding to the VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) may also be done to retrieve any other documents required totransfer title of the vehicle.

In these embodiments, similar to verifying the source of the mileagereport, the node may verify, at the one or more processors, anotification source for the title transfer request. The verification maybe performed by applying a public key associated with the vehicle(and/or an entity associated with the title transfer) to decrypt atleast one of the title transfer request or a digital signature includedin the title transfer request. Accordingly, the node may ignore thetitle transfer request if the node is unable to successfully decrypt thetitle transfer request, and/or the digital signature, using theretrieved public key.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for OEM Recall Compliance

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method 1000 associatedwith one aspect of the present disclosure for tracking compliance withan OEM recall for a plurality of vehicles. The plurality of vehicles maycorrespond to a respective Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), or othervehicle identifier (including those discussed elsewhere herein), trackedby a blockchain that is maintained by a plurality of participants. Insome embodiments, the network of participants may be the nodes describedabove, for example node 400 depicted in FIG. 4. The blockchain used bythe participants may be the blockchain 500 depicted in FIG. 5, whoseoperation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5. The steps of the flowdiagram 1000 may be performed by the nodes in the network ofparticipants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Thecomputer-implemented method 1000 may include additional, fewer, oralternative actions, including those described elsewhere herein.

The computer-implemented method 1000 may include receiving, at one ormore processors (and/or associated transceivers) coupled with a networkinterface (such as via wireless communication or data transmission overone or more radio frequency links or digital communication channels), arecall notice from a first participant, the recall notice indicatingthat a vehicle type has been recalled, the vehicle type indicating amake, a model, and a year (block 1002). The recall notice mayadditionally include an indication of a date of the recall. In oneembodiment, the participant may be associated with the OEM conductingthe recall. In another embodiment, the participant may be associatedwith a governmental entity tasked with regulating recalls (e.g. theNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration).

At block 1004, the node may access, at a memory coupled with the one ormore processors, the blockchain using the vehicle type to retrieve a VIN(or other vehicle identifier) record for vehicles in the plurality ofvehicles that match the vehicle type indicated by the recall notice.According to some aspects, accessing the blockchain may includeverifying, at the one or more processors, a notification source for therecall notice; identifying, at the one or more processors, one or moreentries in the blockchain corresponding to the VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) records for the vehicles matching the vehicle type; and/oraccessing, at the memory, the one or more entries in the blockchaincorresponding to the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) records for thevehicles matching the vehicle type.

According to certain aspects, not every node may be permitted to accessand/or update the blockchain via a recall notice. Accordingly, verifyingthe notification source for the recall notice may include applying, bythe one or more processors, a public key associated with the firstparticipant to decrypt at least one of the recall notice and/or adigital signature included in the recall notice. As described herein,the blockchain may be associated with a public key database that storesa public key for each vehicle (or VIN or other vehicle identifier),node, and/or participant. Accordingly, upon receiving the recall notice,the node may query the public key database to retrieve the appropriatepublic key for the participant that transmitted the recall notice. Ifthe retrieved public key successfully decrypts the recall notice and/orthe digital signature, the notification source for the recall notice maybe verified. On the other hand, if the public key does not decrypt therecall notice and/or the digital signature, the notification source forthe recall notice may be unauthorized and the node may discard therecall notice.

At block 1006, the node may update, at the memory, a block stored at thememory to associate the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) record for thevehicles matching the vehicle type with the recall notice. To this end,the node may generate and record a transaction and/or an eventindicative of the recall notice for each VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) record corresponding to a vehicle that matches the recalledvehicle type.

At block 1008, the node may transmit, via the one or more processors(and/or associated transceivers) coupled with the network interface(such as via wireless communication or data transmission over one ormore radio frequency links or digital communication channels), the blockto at least one other participant. In one alternate embodiment, prior totransmitting the block, the node may generate, at the one or moreprocessors, a solution to a cryptographic puzzle. In this alternateembodiment, the solution to the cryptographic puzzle may be transmittedto the at least one other participant along with the block.

Further, the method 1000 may include receiving, at the one or moreprocessors (and/or associated transceivers) coupled with a networkinterface (such as via wireless communication or data transmission overone or more radio links or digital communication channels), a repairnotification from a second participant. The repair notification mayindicate that a particular vehicle of the plurality of vehicles has beenrepaired in compliance with the recall notice. According to someaspects, the second participant may be associated with the particularvehicle that has been repaired. Additionally or alternatively, the nodemay identify, at the one or more processors, an entry in the blockchaincorresponding to the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) record for theparticular vehicle and/or update, at the memory, the entry in theblockchain corresponding to the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) recordfor the particular to indicate that the vehicle has been repaired incompliance with the recall notice.

Similar to the recall notice, the node may verify, at the one or moreprocessors, a notification source for the repair notification. To thisend, the node may apply a public key associated with the secondparticipant to decrypt at least one of the repair notification and/or adigital signature included in the repair notification. Accordingly, thenode may ignore the repair notification if the node is unable tosuccessfully decrypt the repair notification and/or the digitalsignature using the retrieved public key associated with the secondparticipant.

In some aspects, an OEM may be required to contact entities associatedwith recalled vehicles. Accordingly, as described elsewhere herein, theVIN (or other vehicle identifier) record may include one or moreaddresses of the owner of the vehicle, a lessee of the vehicle, alienholder for the vehicle, etc. As such, accessing the blockchain mayinclude accessing, at the memory coupled with the one or moreprocessors, the blockchain using the vehicle type to retrieve the one ormore addresses included in the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) recordfor vehicles in the plurality of vehicles that match the vehicle type.The node may then automatically cause, at the one or more processors, arecall letter to be mailed to any number of the one or more addresses.

Accordingly, the node may be able to track which vehicles matching therecalled vehicle type have (and have not) been repaired in compliancewith the recall notice. For those that have not, the node may determine,by the one or more processors, that a threshold amount of time haselapsed since the date of the recall. Thus, the node may access, at thememory coupled with the one or more processors, the blockchain togenerate a set of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records)associated with the recall notice and not associated with a repairnotification (i.e., the recalled vehicle has not been repaired). Thenode may then automatically cause, at the one or more processors, afollow-up recall letter to be mailed to the one or more addressesincluded in the set of VIN records (or other vehicle identifierrecords).

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for Feature-Based Insurance Rating

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method 1100 associatedwith one aspect of the present disclosure for safety feature-basedrating for a vehicle utilizing a blockchain. The blockchain may bemaintained by a plurality of participants, and include a plurality ofVehicle Identification Number (VIN) records (or other types of vehicleidentifier records) respectively corresponding to a plurality ofvehicles. In some embodiments, the network of participants may be thenodes described above, for example node 400 depicted in FIG. 4. Theblockchain used by the participants may be the blockchain 500 depictedin FIG. 5, whose operation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5. Thesteps of the flow diagram 1100 may be performed by the nodes in thenetwork of participants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Thecomputer-implemented method 1100 may include additional, fewer, oralternative actions, including those described elsewhere herein.

The computer-implemented method 1100 may include receiving, at one ormore processors and/or associated transceivers coupled with a networkinterface (such as via wireless communication or data transmission overone or more radio links or digital communication channels), a newvehicle type notification from a first participant (block 1102). The newvehicle type notification may indicate a set of safety featuresassociated with a new vehicle type. For example, the set of safetyfeatures may include automatic braking, autonomous highway mode, blindspot detection, and/or any other current and/or future-developed safetyfeatures. In one aspect, the safety features may be associated with asoftware developer, a software version, and/or a date the currentsoftware version was installed.

According to some aspects, not every node may be permitted to accessand/or update the blockchain via a new vehicle type notification.Accordingly, the node may verify the notification source for the recallnotice by applying, by the one or more processors, a public keyassociated with the first participant to decrypt at least one of the newvehicle type notification and/or a digital signature included in the newvehicle type notification. As described herein, the blockchain may beassociated with a public key database that stores a public key for eachvehicle (or VIN, or other vehicle identifier), node, and/or participant.Accordingly, upon receiving new vehicle type notification, the node mayquery the public key database to retrieve the appropriate public key forthe participant that transmitted the new vehicle type notification.

If the retrieved public key successfully decrypts the new vehicle typenotification and/or the digital signature, the notification source forthe new vehicle type notification may be verified. On the other hand, ifthe public key does not decrypt the new vehicle type notification and/orthe digital signature, the notification source for the recall notice maybe unauthorized and the node may discard the new vehicle typenotification.

At block 1104, the node may access, at a memory coupled with the one ormore processors, the blockchain using the set of safety features toretrieve a first plurality of VIN records (or records associated withother types of vehicle identifiers) that indicate a safety featurewithin the set of safety features. In one embodiment, the node mayaccess the blockchain using a software version of the safety feature toretrieve VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records) that indicatethe software version of the safety feature within the set of safetyfeatures. According to some aspects, the VIN records (or other vehicleidentifier records) may also include an indication of a distancetraversed by the corresponding vehicle and/or a number of collisionsexperienced by the corresponding vehicle. Accordingly, the node maydetermine the distance traversed and/or the number of collisionsexperienced by each vehicle corresponding to a VIN record (or othervehicle identifier record) included in the first plurality of VINrecords (or other vehicle identifier records).

At block 1106, the node may access, at the memory coupled with the oneor more processors, the blockchain to retrieve a second plurality of VINrecords (or other vehicle identifier records) corresponding to vehiclessimilar to vehicles corresponding to the first plurality of VIN records(or other vehicle identifier records, respectively), but lacking thesafety feature within the set of safety features. Similar to the firstplurality of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records), the nodemay determine the distance traversed and/or the number of collisionsexperienced by each vehicle corresponding to a VIN record (or othervehicle identifier record) included in the second plurality of VINrecords (or other vehicle identifier records). In some embodiments, thesecond plurality of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records)may include vehicles corresponding to VIN records (or other vehicleidentifier records) that indicate a prior software version for thesafety feature included in the set of safety features.

At block 1108, the node may calculate, by the one or more processors, asafety rating for the safety feature by comparing VIN lifecycle dataassociated with VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records) withinthe first and second pluralities of VIN records (or other vehicleidentifier records). In some embodiments, calculating the safety ratingmay include calculating a collision rate for the first and secondpluralities of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records) basedupon the respective overall distances traversed and the numbers ofcollisions experienced. Based upon the relative collision rates, thenode may be able to determine a metric that reflects the increasedsafety of the new safety features included in the set of safetyfeatures.

In one example, if a node previously determined that the prior versionof a particular safety feature has a safety rating of 0.8, and that theversion of the safety feature included in the set of safety features hasa 10% lower collision rate, the node may determine a safety rating of0.72 for the new version of the safety feature.

According to some aspects, calculating the safety rating for the newvehicle type may include calculating, by the one or more processors, asafety rating for a plurality of safety features within the set ofsafety features by comparing VIN lifecycle data associated with VINrecords (or other vehicle identifier records) within the first andsecond pluralities of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records),and/or combining, by the one or more processors, the safety ratings forthe plurality of safety features to generate a safety rating for the newvehicle type. In one embodiment, the node calculates an average safetyrating based upon the safety rating for each safety feature in the setof safety features. In another embodiment, a supervised, unsupervised,or other machine learning algorithm, or other artificial intelligenceprogram, is utilized to set weights for safety features in the set ofsafety features.

At block 1110, the node may generate, by the one more processors, aproduct associated with the new vehicle type based upon the generatedsafety rating for the safety feature. For example, the product may be aninsurance product that insures vehicles of the new vehicle type.According to some aspects, the generated product may be based upon thegenerated safety rating for the new vehicle type. It should beappreciated the generated product may still require additional data toproduce an offer. For example, the product may also be based uponcharacteristics associated with an owner of the vehicle. Accordingly,the product may include a model that receives the owner characteristicsas an input to produce an offer for the product. It should be furtherappreciated that, as new data is recorded to VIN records (or othervehicle identifier records) maintained at the blockchain, the model maybe adapted to reflect any shifts in safety ratings over time.

Additionally, the node may receive, at the one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers coupled with the network interface (such as viawireless communication or data transmission over one or more radio linksor digital communication channels), a product request notification froma second participant. The product request notification may indicate thatan individual wants to purchase the generated product corresponding tothe new vehicle type.

According to some aspects, the product request notification may includea plurality of data associated with an owner for the vehicle of the newvehicle type. The node may input any owner data into the generated modelto generate, at the one or more processors, an offer for the generatedproduct. The node may then transmit, via the one or more processorsand/or associated transceivers coupled with the network interface (suchas via wireless communication or data transmission over one or moreradio links or digital communication channels), the offer to the secondparticipant.

According to certain aspects, similar to verifying the source of the newvehicle type notification, the node may verify, at the one or moreprocessors, a notification source for the product request notification.The verification may be performed by applying a public key associatedwith the second participant to decrypt at least one of the productrequest notification or a digital signature included in the productrequest notification. Accordingly, the node may ignore the productrequest notification if the node is unable to successfully decrypt theproduct request notification and/or the digital signature using theretrieved public key.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method for Sensor Recalibration Detection

FIG. 12 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method 1200 associatedwith one aspect of the present disclosure for utilizing a blockchain todetect that one or more sensors of a vehicle need to be recalibrated.The blockchain may be maintained by a plurality of participants andinclude a plurality of Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) records (orother vehicle identifier records) respectively corresponding to aplurality of vehicles. In some embodiments, the network of participantsmay be the nodes described above, for example node 400 depicted in FIG.4. The blockchain used by the participants may be the blockchain 500depicted in FIG. 5, whose operation is described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 5.The steps of the flow diagram 1200 may be performed by the nodes in thenetwork of participants, such as the nodes described in FIGS. 1A-4. Thecomputer-implemented method 1200 may include additional, fewer, oralternative actions, including those described elsewhere herein.

The computer-implemented method 1200 may include detecting, at one ormore processors, that a safety feature of the vehicle has been triggered(block 1202). For example, the node may detect that a lane departurewarning was triggered. In some embodiments, the node may detect thesafety feature being triggered directly by detecting a messagetransmitted on a vehicle communication bus. In another embodiment, thenode may remotely detect the safety feature being triggered by receivinga blockchain transaction via a wireless communication channel.

At block 1204, the node may access, at a memory coupled with the one ormore processors, the blockchain using a VIN (or other type of vehicleidentifier, including those discussed elsewhere herein) corresponding tothe vehicle to retrieve one or more transactions indicative of thevehicle triggering the safety feature. To this end, the transactions maybe associated with the VIN record (or other vehicle identifier record)for the VIN (or other vehicle identifier, respectively) corresponding tothe vehicle. According to certain aspects, some safety features may bemore likely to be triggered on particular types of channels (e.g., ahighway, a country road, a city block, a shallow river, etc.). As such,in one embodiment, accessing the blockchain may include determining, bythe one or more processors, a characteristic of a channel traversed bythe vehicle; and/or retrieving, from the memory coupled with the one ormore processors, the one or more transactions such that each transactionin the one or more transactions occurred while the vehicle wastraversing a channel matching the characteristic of the channeltraversed by the vehicle.

As described elsewhere herein, the blockchain may include VIN records(or other vehicle identifier records) of a plurality of vehicles. Thus,the VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records) associated withsimilar vehicles may be useful in determining whether the one or moresensors of the vehicle need to be recalibrated. Accordingly, accessingthe blockchain may include determining, by the one or more processors, aset of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records) included in theblockchain corresponding to vehicles having the same safety feature asthe vehicle; and/or accessing, at the memory coupled with the one ormore processors, the set of VIN records (or other vehicle identifierrecords) to retrieve one or more transactions indicative of therespective vehicle triggering the safety feature while the respectivevehicle was traversing a channel matching the characteristic of thechannel traversed by the vehicle.

Further, the safety feature may be associated with any number ofsoftware versions. In some scenarios, a software update may change therate at which the safety feature is triggered. Accordingly, determiningthe set of VIN (or other vehicle identifier) records may includedetermining, by the one or more processors, a software version for thesafety feature; and/or determining, by the one or more processors, theset of VIN (or other vehicle identifier) records included in theblockchain corresponding to vehicles having the same software versionfor safety feature as the vehicle.

At block 1206, based upon the one or more transactions, the node maydetermine, by the one or more processors, a baseline frequency at whichthe safety feature is expected to be triggered. According to certainaspects, determining the baseline frequency may include comparing, bythe one or more processors, a distance traversed by the vehicle onchannels matching the characteristic to a number of transaction thatoccurred while the vehicle was traversing channels matching thecharacteristic of the channel traversed by the vehicle. Similarly,determining the baseline frequency may also include comparing, by theone or more processors, a distance traversed by the vehiclescorresponding to a VIN (or other vehicle identifier) record in the setof VIN (or other vehicle identifier) records on channels matching thecharacteristic to a number of transaction that occurred while thevehicles corresponding to a VIN (or other vehicle identifier) record inthe set of VIN (or other vehicle identifier) records were traversingchannels matching the characteristic of the channel traversed by thevehicle.

At block 1208, the node may compare, by the one or more processors, acurrent frequency at which the safety feature is being triggered to thebaseline frequency. To this end, comparing the current frequency to thebaseline frequency may include determining, by the one or moreprocessors, that the current frequency is within a threshold variancefrom the baseline frequency. According to some aspects, determining thecurrent frequency at which the safety feature is being triggered mayinclude comparing, by the one or more processors, a distance traversedby the vehicle on the channel to a number of transaction that occurredwhile the vehicle was traversing the channel.

At block 1210, the node may generate, by the one more processors, analert that indicates that one or more sensors associated with the safetyfeature should be recalibrated. For example, the alert may be a messagetransmitted to an electronic device associated with an owner of thevehicle (such as via wireless communication or data transmission overone or more radio links or digital communication channels) and/or may bea message presented via one or more interfaces associated with thevehicle. In some embodiments, generating the alert may includegenerating, by the one more processors, the alert responsive todetermining that the current frequency is within the threshold variancefrom the baseline frequency.

According to certain aspects, in addition to a frequency that the safetyfeature was triggered, a lifetime metric may also be indicative of alikelihood that one or more sensors need to be recalibrated. Thelifetime metric may be an indication of a distance traveled and/or aperiod of time since the one or more sensors were last calibrated.Accordingly, the method 1200 may also include determining, by the one ormore processors, a lifetime metric indicative of when the one or moresensors were last calibrated.

In these embodiments, the node may determine, by the one or moreprocessors, a set of VIN records (or other vehicle identifier records)included in the blockchain corresponding to vehicles having the samesafety feature as the vehicle; and/or access, at the memory coupled withthe one or more processors, the set of VIN records (or other vehicleidentifier records) to determine an average lifetime metric for thesafety feature. Additionally, in these embodiments, comparing thecurrent frequency to the baseline frequency may include determining, bythe one or more processors, that the lifetime metric is within athreshold variance from the average lifetime metric; and/or generatingthe alert may include generating, by the one more processors, the alertresponsive to determining that the lifetime metric for the vehicle iswithin the threshold variance from the average lifetime metric.

Handling a Total Loss Vehicle

In one implementation, the systems and methods are directed to thehandling of a total loss vehicle. A vehicle may be classified as a totalloss vehicle, for example, if the vehicle has suffered damage that, ifrepaired, would cost more than the vehicle is worth. Determining whethera particular vehicle is a total loss vehicle may require knowing anestimated actual value of the vehicle such that it can be compared tothe cost of the vehicle's needed repairs. In the case of a vehicleaccident, it may be expensive and/or difficult to directly collect somepieces of information that have a bearing on the vehicle's estimatedactual value.

A blockchain may provide an inexpensive, fast, and fraud-resistant wayto obtain information relating to the actual value of a vehicle withoutthe need to obtain information from other sources. A blockchain thattracks vehicles by VIN (or other vehicle identifier, such as thosediscussed elsewhere herein) and the state of those vehicles may storemileage reports based upon current odometer readings. The mileage of avehicle may be included as a field in a transaction that identifies thevehicle by VIN (or other vehicle identifier).

Alternatively, or additionally, a block may be added to the blockchainwith some or all of a “state snapshot” of the vehicle including mileagereport information. The mileage report information may be added to theblockchain periodically, such as when the vehicle is visiting anautomotive services provider who is authorized to update the vehicle'sstate on the block chain. In at least one implementation, the blockchainmay be updated by the vehicle itself (e.g., periodically or in the caseof a collision) or by another entity (e.g., as part of regularmaintenance or in response to an insurance claim filed by the vehicle'sowner).

Once a vehicle's mileage report is available on a blockchain that tracksa vehicle's VIN lifecycle, an entity seeking to estimate the actual cashvalue of the vehicle may obtain the needed data solely from theblockchain. A blockchain offers benefits in obtaining information neededto perform an actual cash value estimation for several reasons. Sincethe blockchain is immutable, for any information stored on theblockchain (e.g., a hash of the information is included in a block, theinformation itself is included as a transaction field in a blockincluded in the chain, etc.), that information can be said to haveexisted on the date the information was introduced to the blockchainbased upon verifiable cryptographic proof and confirmed by the aggregatevalidation efforts of all participating network nodes.

One major component in an actual value estimation of a vehicle is thevehicle's mileage. If a blockchain that tacks vehicle lifecycles basedupon VIN (or other vehicle identifier) stores a mileage report of avehicle, that information may be accessed by the entity performing theactual value estimation. If the mileage reports are made periodically,then the blockchain data sets a lower bound on what the current mileageof a given vehicle may be. If mileage reports are not periodicallystored on the blockchain, then a third-party may make such a recordationat the request of the entity who wishes to perform the actual valueestimation. Any mileage report may include a proof-of-identity of theentity making the report (e.g., the vehicle itself, an automotiveservice provider, etc.).

An actual value estimation may be performed based upon data in ablockchain that tracks vehicle lifecycles by VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) based upon other information in addition to mileage. In oneimplementation, a vehicle manufacturer includes information regardingthe vehicle, such as optional features that may increase the value ofthe vehicle (e.g., leather interior, engine type, color, sunroof,battery capacity, the vehicle's financing ratio, etc.). In anotherimplementation, automotive service providers may include repairs orreplacements on the vehicle in the blockchain (e.g., rebuilt engine,replaced components such as water pump, transmission, battery healthmeasurement, electric motor, etc.). In yet another implementation,automotive service providers may include regular maintenance of thevehicle in a blockchain. These and any other aspects of a vehicle mayrecorded in a blockchain that tracks vehicles by VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) and subsequently relied upon to perform an Actual Cash Value(ACV) estimation by any entity with access to the blockchain.

Once an ACV has been calculated for a vehicle, the ACV may be used tohandle a total loss of the vehicle. A vehicle may be considered a totalloss if the cost of needed repairs exceeds or approaches the value ofthe vehicle. If a vehicle is classified as a total loss, then an insurermay decline to pay the cost of repairs according to an insuranceagreement covering the vehicle, and instead may opt to make a payment tothe vehicle owner of an amount equal to the ACV. In at least someimplementations, a total loss vehicle is subject to one or morefinancing agreements. The insurer may be obligated to pay off these oneor more financing agreements before remitting the remainder of the ACVto a vehicle owner. In another implementation, classification of avehicle as a total loss may include transferring the legal title, whichmay be an electronic title or e-title, of the vehicle to a third partysuch as a salvager.

Exemplary Method of Handling Total Loss Vehicle

FIG. 13 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to handle a total loss vehicle 1300. The method1300 may include (1) receiving, via one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers (such as via wireless communication or datatransmission over one or more radio frequency links or digitalcommunication channels), a mileage report or a current odometer readingassociated with a vehicle, and the vehicle's Vehicle IdentificationNumber VIN (or other vehicle identifier, including those discussedelsewhere herein) 1302; (2) identifying and accessing, via the one ormore processors, a blockchain associated with the vehicle, the vehicle'sblockchain may be identified and access using the vehicle's VIN (orother vehicle identifier) as a key 1304; (3) creating, via the one ormore processors, a new block (to add to the blockchain) using orincluding the mileage report or current odometer reading, and/orotherwise updating the vehicle blockchain to reflect or indicate thecurrent vehicle mileage 1306; (4) estimating, via the one or moreprocessors, the Actual Cash Value (ACV) of the vehicle based upon, atleast in part, the current vehicle mileage 1308; (5) receiving, via theone or more processors, vehicle sensor data indicative of a total lossevent (e.g., the one or more processors may analyze the sensor data todetermine that an abrupt change of G forces or deceleration exceeded apredetermined threshold, indicating a vehicle collision occurred) and/orotherwise receiving a notification that the vehicle is a total loss1310; (6) identifying and retrieving, via the one or more processorsand/or associated transceivers (such as via wireless communication ordata transmission over one or more radio frequency links orcommunication channels), any outstanding vehicle loan or lieninformation, and determining a current payoff amount 1312; and/or (7)determining, via the one or more processors, a difference between thevehicle loan payoff amount and the ACV determined using the currentvehicle mileage to facilitate handling total loss vehicles (which mayinclude transferring total loss vehicle title from lien holders and/orvehicle owners to insurance and/or salvage companies) 1314. The methodmay include additional, less, or alternate actions, including thosediscussed elsewhere herein.

Vehicle Over-Financing and Under-Financing

In one implementation, a blockchain tracking vehicle lifecycles by VIN(or other vehicle identifier, including those discussed elsewhereherein) may be used to determine whether a vehicle is over-financed orunder-financed. A blockchain that is updated with lifecycle informationregarding a vehicle by VIN number (e.g., vehicle mileage, title status,repairs, etc.) provides a snapshot of the status of the vehicle atvarious points in time. An entity that is interested in searching aparticular vehicle by VIN (or other vehicle identifier) may furtherrequest information be added to the blockchain in addition to historicalinformation (e.g., requesting a new mileage report be added to theblockchain). In addition to the snapshots of the status of the vehicle,a vehicle manufacturer may initiate tracking of the vehicle atmanufacture or shipping time, and may include information regarding thevehicle, the vehicle's OEM features, etc.

Taking all the changes regarding a vehicle reflected in the blockchaintogether, an entity may estimate an Actual Cash Value (ACV) of thevehicle. Information regarding a financing level of the vehicle may alsobe obtained from the blockchain tracking vehicles by VIN (or othervehicle identifier) or financing information may be obtained off-chain.In at least one implementation, a lender updates the blockchain atregular intervals to reflect a remaining loan balance, and whether theloan on a vehicle identified by a VIN (or other vehicle identifier) isin good standing.

With an estimated actual value and an outstanding loan value, the systemmay determine whether a vehicle identified by a VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) is over-financed or under-financed. That is, if the vehiclehas an actual cash value that is less than a finance value, then thevehicle is over-financed (e.g., underwater). If the vehicle identifiedby the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) has an actual cash value thatis greater than a financed value, then the vehicle is under-financed,meaning the owner of the vehicle has at least some equity.

Whether a vehicle is over-financed or under-financed may have a bearingon several operations regarding the vehicle, such as whether a paymentis due to a vehicle owner in the event of a total loss, whether avehicle refinancing loan offer should be made to the owner of thevehicle and for how much, etc. Information related to vehicle over orunder financing may be stored on the blockchain.

Exemplary Method of Determining Whether Vehicle is Over or UnderFinanced

FIG. 14 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to determine whether a vehicle is over or underfinanced 1400. The method 1400 may include (1) receiving, via one ormore processors and/or associated transceivers (such as via wirelesscommunication or data transmission over one or more radio frequencylinks or digital communication channels), a mileage report or a currentodometer reading associate with a vehicle, and the vehicle's VIN(Vehicle Identification Number), or other vehicle identifier 1402; (2)identifying and accessing, via the one or more processors, a blockchainassociated with the vehicle, the vehicle's blockchain may be identifiedand access using the vehicle's VIN, or other vehicle identifier, as akey 1404; (3) creating, via the one or more processors, a new block (toadd to the blockchain) using or including the mileage report or currentodometer reading, and/or otherwise updating the vehicle blockchain toreflect or indicate the current vehicle mileage 1406; (4) estimating,via the one or more processors, the Actual Cash Value (ACV) of thevehicle based upon, at least in part, the current vehicle mileage 1408;(5) identifying and retrieving, via the one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers (such as via wireless communication or datatransmission over one or more radio frequency links or communicationchannels), any outstanding vehicle loan or lien information, anddetermining a current payoff amount 1410; (6) determining, via the oneor more processors, whether the vehicle is over or under financed bycomparing current loan payoff amount with ACV of the vehicle 1412;and/or (7) using, via the one or more processors, the amount of over orunder financing to handle a total loss vehicle payment to the vehicleowner or lienholder, and/or otherwise to resolve an associated insuranceclaim for the total loss vehicle 1414. Additionally or alternatively, ifthe vehicle has not been involved in a vehicle collision, the method mayinclude (8) generating, via the one or more processors, a refinancingloan, and offering vehicle refinancing based upon the amount that thevehicle is over or under financed 1416. The method may includeadditional, less, or alternate actions, including those discussedelsewhere herein.

Providing Usage-Based Insurance (UBI)

One type of insurance coverage is a Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) modelwherein a policy holder pays a premium based upon the policy holder'sexposure to liability in contrast to paying a flat fee for any amount ofactivity that could potentially lead to liability. An example of UBI isvehicle insurance where the premium is based at least in part on thenumber of miles driven or pay-by-mile insurance, and/or the type ofmiles driven (e.g., city, highway, rural roads, night driving, etc.).Some forms of UBI have been difficult to administer because informationregarding the policy holder's activities is needed that may be difficultto accurately and inexpensively obtain. Self-reporting may be fraughtwith fraud risk because policy holders are likely to under-report tominimize their premium costs. Vehicle telematics may be problematic tothe extent they would include information about the policy holder thatthe policy holder would wish to keep private (e.g., when and where thepolicy holder drives the vehicle).

A blockchain that tracks vehicle lifecycle by VIN number (or othervehicle identifier) may be used to overcome obstacles to administeringUBI. A vehicle may include a hardware or software component to manageand generate sets of private/public cryptographic key pairs that may beused to broadcast transactions to a blockchain network to update a stateof the vehicle at various points in time. Third parties, such asautomotive repair service providers, may also use cryptographic keys tobroadcast transactions to the blockchain network to record aspects ofthe vehicle that have a bearing on UBI (e.g., a current mileage or dailyvehicle miles or vehicle usage). Automotive service providers may belikely to truthfully report the characteristics of the vehicle to theblockchain because any transaction they broadcast creates an immutablerecord of their report, which, if proven false, would be associated withtheir identity (e.g., public cryptographic address) for as long as theblockchain persists.

In one implementation, a UBI quote is provided for a vehicle based uponthe mileage driven by the vehicle (or other forms of vehicle usage, suchas insurance based upon time, such as days or weeks). A blockchain thattracks vehicle lifecycle by VIN (or other vehicle identifier) mayinclude updates to a state of a particular vehicle including updates tothe vehicle's current mileage (e.g., mileage reports or odometerreadings). An insurance provider may access the blockchain and searchfor all blocks and/or transactions that revise a current mileage of thevehicle. Revisions to a current mileage of the vehicle may includeproofs-of-identity of the entity making such mileage revisions (e.g., atrusted automotive services provider, the vehicle autonomously, agovernment inspector or registrar, etc.). The insurance provider maydisregard any vehicle mileage revisions for the vehicle that were notmade by a trusted entity (e.g., the vehicle owner).

Taking all vehicle mileage reports in the blockchain together, aninsurance provider may reconstruct a model of how far the vehicle tendsto be driven. The insurance provider may therefore propose a UBI quotefor the vehicle based upon an expected number of miles driven.Additionally, the insurance provider may broadcast a transaction to theblockchain network to indicate that such an insurance offer for thevehicle has been made and/or accepted by the vehicle owner. Such atransaction may be cryptographically signed by the insurance provider toprovide an assurance to parties inspecting the blockchain that there isa valid insurance policy in place for the vehicle (e.g., governmentregistrar, entity contracting to use the vehicle, any person involvedwith the vehicle who may suffer a loss related thereto, etc.). Aninsurance provider may include information relating to the insurancesuch as the coverage levels and/or type of coverage in the blockchainfor inspection by any entity with access to the shared ledger. In oneimplementation, vehicles on the blockchain are identified by VIN (oranother identifier), and an insurance transaction broadcast by aninsurer identifies the vehicle by VIN (or other vehicle identifier) suchthat the information may be located by any entity using the VIN (orother vehicle identifier) as a search parameter on the blockchain.

In another implementation, an insurance provider may have agreed toinsure a vehicle on an UBI model wherein the vehicle owner pays on a permile basis (or alternatively on a per day, week, or month basis). Forthe per mile basis, the insurer may search a blockchain tracking vehiclelifecycle by VIN (or other vehicle identifier, including those discussedelsewhere herein) to assess the actual mileage driven by the vehicleover a period of time. In one implementation, a premium may be paid toan insurer for a base mileage, and an additional premium may be due tothe insurer for any mileage over the base mileage. The additionalpremium may be paid on a per mile basis, a block of miles basis, etc. Aninsurer may search the blockchain tracking vehicles by VIN (or othervehicle identifier) to determine an estimated actual mileage of avehicle based upon mileage reports stored thereon. The estimated actualmileage of the vehicle may be compared to a mileage paid for my premiumsto determine a mileage overage or underage of the vehicle.

Mileage reports may include more than just a mileage number of thevehicle. Mileage reports may also include additional information such asaverage vehicle speed, times of day that the vehicle was most likely tobe operated, locations the vehicle was driven, etc. These additionalpieces of information in the vehicle mileage reports permit a morecustomized insurance quote to account for usage patterns that are moreor less likely to lead to liability (e.g., drivers who operate a vehiclelate at night are more likely to incur a vehicle loss, highway drivingmay be more likely to incur a larger loss than city driving, drivers whoregularly exceed the speed limit are more likely to incur a loss, etc.).

Once a mileage overage or underage has been calculated, the insurer maycreate and transmit an additional insurance quote to the vehicle (e.g.,the vehicle's owner, a vehicle control system, etc.) offering toremediate the mileage overage/underage (e.g., offering to extend thebase mileage amount for an additional premium payment, a notice that thevehicle is no longer insured, a premium credit based upon mileageunderage, etc.). In one implementation, an insurer may offer to extendUBI coverage for an additional premium, and the offer may be accepted bythe vehicle owner. The insurer may then broadcast a transaction to theblockchain network to reflect the revised insurance coverage for thevehicle. In another implementation, the vehicle owner does not accept anoffer to extend UBI coverage for an additional premium payment, and theinsurer may broadcast a transaction to the blockchain network to updatethe blockchain to reflect that the insurer no longer insures thevehicle, or that another insurer currently insures the vehicle.

Exemplary Computer-Implemented Method of Providing UBI

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to generate a UBI (Usage-Based Insurance) quote1500. The method 1500 may include (1) receiving, via one or moreprocessors and/or associated transceivers (such as via wirelesscommunication or data transmission over one or more radio frequencylinks or digital communication channels), a mileage report or a currentodometer reading associate with a vehicle, and the vehicle's VIN(Vehicle Identification Number), or another vehicle identifier 1502; (2)identifying and accessing, via the one or more processors, a blockchainassociated with the vehicle, the blockchain associated with the vehiclemay be identified and access using the vehicle's VIN, or other vehicleidentifier, as a key 1504; (3) creating, via the one or more processors,a new block (to add to the blockchain) using or including the mileagereport or current odometer reading, and/or a transaction otherwiseupdating the vehicle blockchain to reflect or indicate the currentvehicle mileage 1506; (4) generating, via the one or more processors, anauto insurance quote or a UBI (Usage-Based Insurance) quote (such aspay-by-mile or pay-by-time) based upon, at least in part, the currentvehicle mileage 1508; (5) transmitting, via the one or more processorsand/or associated transceivers (such as via wireless communication ordata transmission over one or more radio frequency links orcommunication channels), the insurance or UBI quote to the vehicle, orto a mobile device of the vehicle owner, for owner or driver review andapproval, and/or to an autonomous vehicle with a vehicle controllerconfigured to ensure that the vehicle maintains insurance coverage whiledriving autonomously and constantly adding miles driven); and/or (6)creating, via the one or more processors, a new block or otherwiseupdating the blockchain if the insurance or UBI quote is accepted by thevehicle owner or driver, or the autonomous vehicle. The method mayinclude additional, less, or alternate actions, including thosediscussed elsewhere herein.

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to provide UBI (Usage-Based Insurance) 1600. Themethod 1600 may include (1) receiving, via one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers (such as via wireless communication or datatransmission over one or more radio frequency links or digitalcommunication channels), a mileage report or a current odometer readingassociate with a vehicle, and the vehicle's VIN (Vehicle IdentificationNumber), or another vehicle identifier 1602; (2) identifying andaccessing, via the one or more processors, a blockchain associated withthe vehicle, the vehicle's blockchain may be identified and access usingthe vehicle's VIN, or other vehicle identifier, as a key 1604; (3)creating, via the one or more processors, a new block (to add to theblockchain) using or including the mileage report or current odometerreading, and/or otherwise updating the vehicle blockchain to reflect orindicate the current vehicle mileage 1606; (4) comparing, via the one ormore processors, the current mileage with paid for miles of UBI contractto determine mileage usage, overage, and/or underage 1608; (5)generating and transmitting, via the one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers (such as via wireless communication or datatransmission over one or more radio frequency links or communicationchannels), a new UBI contract that reflects the present mileage overageor underage (e.g., adds more pay-be-mile insurance coverage when thevehicle is approaching the limit on previously paid for miles) 1610;and/or (6) if the new UBI contract or additional pay-by-miles areapproved, creating, via the one or more processors, a new block orotherwise updating the blockchain to reflect the updated UBI contract1612. The method may include additional, less, or alternate actions,including those discussed elsewhere herein.

Estimating Actual Cash Value (ACV)

In one implementation, the systems and method disclosed herein may bedirected to estimating an Actual Cash Value (ACV) of a vehicle. Ablockchain may provide an inexpensive, fast, and fraud-resistant way toobtain information bearing on the actual value of a vehicle without theneed to obtain information from other sources that would likely be lessreliable and more expensive. A blockchain that tracks vehicles by VIN(or other vehicle identifier) and the state of those vehicles over timecan store information bearing on the value of the vehicle. For example,a vehicle manufacturer may include an initial transaction on theblockchain to establish a VIN (or other vehicle identifier) as beingassigned to a particular vehicle. This initial transaction may containother information relating to the vehicle, such as OEM features, enginetype, battery capacity, additional features, point of origin, date ofmanufacture, port of shipment, color, autonomous vehicle systems ortechnologies, semi-autonomous vehicle systems or technologies, and anyother relating to the vehicle.

Over the lifecycle of the vehicle, more transactions may be broadcast tothe blockchain network to update a state of the vehicle. For example, ablockchain that tracks vehicles by VIN (or other vehicle identifier) andthe state of those vehicles can store mileage reports based upon currentodometer readings. The mileage of a vehicle may be included as a fieldin a transaction that identified the vehicle by VIN (or other vehicleidentifier). Alternatively, or additionally, a block may be added to theblockchain with some or all of a “state snapshot” of the vehicleincluding mileage report information. The mileage report information maybe added to the blockchain periodically, such as when the vehicle isvisiting an automotive services provider who is authorized to update thevehicle's state on the block chain, when legal title of the vehiclechanges hands, etc. In at least one implementation, the blockchain maybe updated by the vehicle itself (e.g., periodically or in the case of acollision or other event) or by another entity (e.g., as part of regularmaintenance or in response to an insurance claim filed by the vehicle'sowner).

Once a vehicle's mileage report is available on a blockchain that tracksa vehicle's VIN lifecycle, an entity seeking to estimate the Actual CashValue (ACV) of the vehicle may obtain the needed data solely from theblockchain. A blockchain may offer benefits in obtaining informationneeded to perform an actual cash value estimation for several reasons.Since the blockchain is immutable, for any information stored on theblockchain (e.g., a hash of the information is included in a block, theinformation itself is included as a transaction field in a blockincluded in the chain, etc.), that information can be said to haveexisted on the date the information was introduced to the blockchainbased upon verifiable cryptographic proof and confirmed by the aggregatevalidation efforts of all participating network nodes.

One major component in an actual value estimation of a vehicle is thevehicle's mileage. If a blockchain that tacks vehicle lifecycles basedupon VIN (or other vehicle identifier) stores a mileage report of avehicle, that information may be accessed by the entity performing theactual value estimation. If the mileage reports are made periodically,then the blockchain data sets a lower bound on what the current mileageof a given vehicle may be. If mileage reports are not periodicallystored on the blockchain, then a third-party may make such a recordationat the request of the entity who wishes to perform the actual valueestimation. Any mileage report may include a proof-of-identity of theentity making the report (e.g., the vehicle itself, an automotiveservice provider, etc.).

An actual value estimation may be performed based upon data in ablockchain that tracks vehicle lifecycles by VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) based upon other information in addition to mileage. In oneimplementation, a vehicle manufacturer includes information regardingthe vehicle, such as optional features that may increase the value ofthe vehicle (e.g., leather interior, engine type, color, sunroof,battery capacity, the vehicle's financing ratio, various types ofsensors, autonomous or semi-autonomous features or functionality, etc.).In another implementation, automotive service providers may includerepairs or replacements on the vehicle in the blockchain (e.g., rebuiltengine, replaced components such as water pump, transmission, batteryhealth measurement, electric motor, etc.). In yet anotherimplementation, automotive service providers may include regularmaintenance of the vehicle in a blockchain. These and any other aspectsof a vehicle may recorded in a blockchain that tracks vehicles by VIN(or other vehicle identifier) and subsequently relied upon to perform anactual cash value estimation by any entity with access to theblockchain.

Exemplary Method of Estimating ACV

FIG. 17 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to estimate vehicle Actual Cash Value (ACV) basedupon actual vehicle build 1700. The method 1700 may include (1)receiving, via one or more processors and/or associated transceivers(such as via wireless communication or data transmission over one ormore radio frequency links or digital communication channels), a vehiclebuild information, including vehicle add-ons, variable and/or optionalfeatures, make/model data, various vehicle-mount sensor data (eitherdirectly or indirectly from each sensor), and/orautonomous/semi-autonomous system or technology features or data 1702,along with a VIN (Vehicle Identification Number), or other vehicleidentifier, including those discussed elsewhere herein; (2) creating,via the one or more processors, a blockchain associated with thevehicle, the vehicle's blockchain may be identified and access using thevehicle's VIN, or other vehicle identifier, as a key 1704; (3) creating,via the one or more processors, a new block (to add to the blockchain)using or including the vehicle build information and/or vehiclesensor/autonomous system data, and/or otherwise updating the vehicleblockchain to reflect or indicate the current vehicle build 1706; (4)estimating, via the one or more processors, the actual cash value (ACV)of the vehicle based upon, at least in part, the current vehicle build1708; (5) creating, via the one or more processors, a new block usingthe vehicle build information and/or ACV estimated, or otherwiseupdating the vehicle blockchain with the ACV 1710; and/or (6)transmitting, via the one or more processors and/or associatedtransceivers (such as via wireless communication or data transmissionover one or more radio frequency links or communication channels), theblockchain with vehicle build information and the ACV estimate to othernodes in a communications network, such as vehicle dealership, repairshop, bank, DMV, and/or insurance provider nodes. The method may includeadditional, less, or alternate actions, including those discussedelsewhere herein.

Handling Vehicles Post-Collision

When a vehicle has been involved in a collision, there are often severalsteps that should take place in coordination among many parties,including the vehicle owner, other parties to the collision, one or moreinsurance providers, providers of vehicle repair services, medicalservices, temporary transportation services, legal services, and more.The interests of these parties may often not be aligned and they may besubject to contractual obligations to other of the parties involved.Communications among the parties may often be accompanied by documentaryevidence (e.g., police report, forensics report, medical diagnosis,vehicle repair diagnosis, etc.).

A blockchain that tracks vehicle lifecycles by VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) may be a tool to consolidate the communications,information, and documentary support needed to resolve insurance claimsin the wake of a vehicle collision. Vehicles on the blockchain may beuniquely identified by VIN (or other unique vehicle identifier), andchanges to the configuration and/or state of the vehicles may be made bybroadcasting transactions and/or blocks to participants in theblockchain network that will be added to the shared ledger if thetransactions and/or blocks satisfy the consensus rules applied by theblockchain network.

When a vehicle has been involved in a collision, the vehicle mayautonomously report telematics data and an indication that the vehiclehas been involved in a collision to a recipient (e.g., a manufacturer,an insurer, a service provider, vehicle owner, bank, etc.). Therecipient of the telematics data may broadcast a transaction to theblockchain network to store the telematics data in a way that isassociated with the vehicle. In one implementation, the blockchain isorganized by VIN (or other vehicle identifier) such that telematics datamay be associated with the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) of thevehicle that was involved in the collision.

In at least one implementation, the blockchain may serve as a timestampand documentary validator when a hash of the telematics data isassociated with the vehicle on the blockchain shortly after thecollision. The actual documentary evidence may later be made availableto other parties with interests in or obligations arising from thecollision, which then may be validated by comparing a hash of theprovided data to the hash stored on the blockchain after the collision.If the hash values match, then the blockchain provides cryptographicproof of the validity of the documentary evidence.

Post-collision inspection of a vehicle may be performed by variousparties such as automotive repair services providers to determine arepair diagnosis and estimated cost. A party completing an inspection ofa vehicle may broadcast a transaction to the blockchain network toassociate the results of the inspection with the VIN (or other vehicleidentifier) including the repair estimate. The broadcaster may include acryptographic proof-of-identity to verify the authenticity of the repairdiagnosis. Other parties involved in the collision may view the repairestimate and broadcast transactions of their own if they dispute therepair estimate to mark the estimate as contested. Other transactionsmay be broadcast to indicate no objection or agreement to a repairestimate. Other types of inspections that may be broadcast to theblockchain include medical diagnosis, cost of replacement, etc.

Forensic data may be collected from the scene of a collision todetermine the identity of parties at fault. The forensic data may becollected by a police force or government agency tasked withinvestigating vehicle crashes. The entity collecting forensic data maybroadcast a transaction to the blockchain to indicate the results of theforensic study. In one implementation, forensic data stored on theblockchain includes the VIN (or other vehicle identifier) of anyvehicles involved in the collision.

In at least one implementation, a smart contract executes on theblockchain to manage the various aspects of the claim resolutionprocess. For example, a contract owner may instantiate a new contractupon receipt of a collision report involving vehicles identified by VIN(or other vehicle identifier). Insurers may be required to post a bondto be held by the contract until the claims process has been resolved.In at least one implementation, the bond is paid into the contract witha token having monetary value circulating on the blockchain. In returnfor posting the bond, the insurers may receive a special token allowingthem to vote or express a position on aspects of the claim resolutionprocess.

After all documentary evidence has been posted to the blockchainregarding the collision, a party may propose a resolution to the claim,such as by a submission to the contract owner. If the other partiesaccept the proposal, the bonds may be released to the insurers, partiesmay be paid for services rendered or to be rendered, and parties whoseloss is covered may be reimbursed. Payments may be made on theblockchain in the form of a token circulating thereon or they may occuroff-chain and the payment recorded on the blockchain. After the partieshave accepted the proposal, the contract may be marked as resolved as arecord of the claim resolution.

Exemplary Method of Handling Vehicles Post-Collision

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to route vehicles after vehicle collisions basedupon vehicle sensor data 1800. The method 1800 may include (1)receiving, via one or more processors and/or associated transceivers(such as via wireless communication or data transmission over one ormore radio links), an indication of vehicle being involved a vehiclecollision and vehicle VIN (or other vehicle identifier) 1802; (2)retrieving, via the one or more processors and/or associatedtransceivers, a vehicle blockchain associated with the vehicle using theVIN (or other vehicle identifier) as a key to accessing the vehicleblockchain 1804; (3) receiving, via the one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers, vehicle sensor data (generated byvehicle-mounted sensors mounted on the vehicle, such as sensorsassociated with autonomous or semi-autonomous systems or features)generated or collected prior to, during, and/or after the vehiclecollision 1806; (4) creating, via the one or more processors, a blockthat includes the vehicle sensor data (to add to the vehicleblockchain), or otherwise updating the vehicle blockchain with thevehicle sensor data associated with the vehicle collision 1808; (5)analyzing, via the one or more processors, the vehicle sensor data toreconstruct the vehicle collision, and determine (i) a cause of thevehicle collision (or assign fault, or lack thereof, for the vehiclecollision to one or more vehicle operators or autonomous vehicles), (ii)a likely or estimated complexity of repair, (iii) one or more qualifiedrepair shops, and/or (iv) faulty and working vehicle-mounted sensors,and/or estimate a repair cost 1810; and/or (6) updating, via the one ormore processors, the blockchain (or create a new block) to includeand/or indicate the foregoing information, and transmitting, via the oneor more processors and/or associated transceivers, the updatedblockchain (or new block) to other nodes in a communication network(such as repair shop, bank, and insurance provider nodes) 1812. Themethod may include additional, less, or alternate actions, includingthose discussed elsewhere herein.

FIG. 19 depicts an exemplary computer-implemented method of utilizingblockchain technology to route vehicles after vehicle collisions basedupon vehicle sensor data 1800. The method 1900 may include (1)receiving, via one or more processors and/or associated transceivers(such as via wireless communication or data transmission over one ormore radio links), an indication of 2 vehicles being involved a vehiclecollision and both vehicle VINs (or other vehicle identifiers) 1902; (2)receiving, via the one or more processors and/or associatedtransceivers, vehicle sensor data (generated by vehicle-mounted sensorsmounted on both vehicles, such as sensors associated with autonomous orsemi-autonomous features or systems) generated or collected prior to,during, and/or after the vehicle collision 1904; (3) creating, via theone or more processors, a block or blockchain that includes the vehiclesensor data from both vehicles, an indication that both vehicles havebeen involved in a vehicle collision, and both vehicle's VIN (or othervehicle identifier) 1906; (4) analyzing, via the one or more processors,the vehicle sensor data from both vehicles to reconstruct the vehiclecollision, and determine (i) a cause of the vehicle collision (or assignfault, or lack thereof, for the vehicle collision to one or more vehicleoperators or autonomous vehicles), (ii) a likely or estimated complexityof repair for each vehicle, (iii) one or more qualified repair shops,and/or (iv) faulty and working vehicle-mounted sensors mounted on eachvehicle, and/or estimate a repair cost for each vehicle 1908; and/or (5)updating, via the one or more processors, the blockchain (or create anew block) to include and/or indicate the foregoing information, andtransmitting, via the one or more processors and/or associatedtransceivers, the updated blockchain (or new block) to other nodes in acommunication network (such as repair shop, bank, and insurance providernodes) 1910. The method may include additional, less, or alternateactions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.

Additional Considerations

This detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and doesnot describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possibleembodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One may be implementnumerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology ortechnology developed after the filing date of this application.

Further to this point, although the embodiments described herein oftenutilize credit report information as an example of sensitiveinformation, the embodiments described herein are not limited to suchexamples. Instead, the embodiments described herein may be implementedin any suitable environment in which it is desirable to identify andcontrol specific type of information. As part of implementing theautomotive claims process, vehicle loss history, and/or the lifecycle ofa Vehicle Identification Number, a financial institution may be a partof the process. For example, the aforementioned embodiments may beimplemented by the financial institution to identify and contain bankaccount statements, brokerage account statements, tax documents, etc. Toprovide another example, the aforementioned embodiments may beimplemented by a lender to not only identify, re-route, and quarantinecredit report information, but to apply similar techniques to preventthe dissemination of loan application documents that are preferablydelivered to a client for signature in accordance with a more securemeans (e.g., via a secure login to a web server) than via email.

With the foregoing, a user may be an insurance customer who may opt-into a rewards, insurance discount, or other type of program. After theinsurance customer provides their affirmative consent, an insuranceprovider remote server may collect data from the customer's mobiledevice, smart vehicle, autonomous vehicle, smart home controller, orother smart devices—such as with the customer's permission oraffirmative consent. The data collected may be related to vehicle and/orautonomous vehicle functionality, and/or insured assets, such asvehicles, before (and/or after) an insurance-related event, includingthose events discussed elsewhere herein. In return, risk averseinsureds, such as vehicle owners or operators, may receive discounts orinsurance cost savings related to auto and other types of insurance fromthe insurance provider.

In one aspect, sensor data, such as vehicle or mobile device sensordata, and/or other data, including the types of data discussed elsewhereherein, may be collected or received by an insurance provider remoteserver, such as via direct or indirect wireless communication or datatransmission from a smart vehicle, mobile device, or other customercomputing device, after a customer affirmatively consents or otherwiseopts-in to an insurance discount, reward, or other program. Theinsurance provider may then analyze the data received with thecustomer's permission to provide benefits to the customer. As a result,risk averse customers may receive insurance discounts or other insurancecost savings based upon data that reflects low risk behavior and/ortechnology that mitigates or prevents risk to (i) insured assets, suchas vehicles, and/or (ii) vehicle occupants.

As noted herein, after collection of the information regarding thevehicle by one or more nodes within a communication network, atransaction (and/or new block) including the vehicle informationcollected may be broadcast to the blockchain, and/or a new blockverified and then added to the blockchain to reflect an updated state ofthe vehicle. For each of the computer-implemented methods discussedherein, in one embodiment, a transaction and/or new block may begenerated and then broadcast to the blockchain network for verificationonce vehicle data, and/or new sensor or other data, have been generatedand/or collected by one or more nodes within the communication network.As such, tracking the status of a vehicle may be more reliable and/orfraud-resistant as each node may include a proof-of-identity in itstransaction modifying the state of the vehicle and/or vehicle-relatedblocks or blockchain.

Further, with the computer-implemented methods discussed herein, networkparticipants may function as full nodes that validate and/or generatenew blocks and transactions, and/or compile transactions into blocksthat are then added to the network. However, not all participants needbe nodes that compile transactions into blocks, and/or validatetransactions and blocks received from other network participants—as somenetwork participants may wish to rely on other network nodes to providecomputer processing and/or storage services that enable usage of thesystem or blockchain.

Although the present disclosure sets forth a detailed description ofnumerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legalscope of the description is defined by the words of the claims set forthat the end of this patent and equivalents. The detailed description isto be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possibleembodiment since describing every possible embodiment would beimpractical. Numerous alternative embodiments may be implemented, usingeither current technology or technology developed after the filing dateof this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.Although the following text sets forth a detailed description ofnumerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legalscope of the description is defined by the words of the claims set forthat the end of this patent and equivalents. The detailed description isto be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possibleembodiment since describing every possible embodiment would beimpractical. Numerous alternative embodiments may be implemented, usingeither current technology or technology developed after the filing dateof this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in example configurationsmay be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly,structures and functionality presented as a single component may beimplemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of thesubject matter herein.

Additionally, certain embodiments are described herein as includinglogic or a number of routines, subroutines, applications, orinstructions. These may constitute either software (e.g., code embodiedon a machine-readable medium or in a transmission signal) or hardware.In hardware, the routines, etc., are tangible units capable ofperforming certain operations and may be configured or arranged in acertain manner. In exemplary embodiments, one or more computer systems(e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or morehardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group ofprocessors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application orapplication portion) as a hardware module that operates to performcertain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implementedmechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module maycomprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured(e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gatearray (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) toperform certain operations. A hardware module may also compriseprogrammable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within ageneral-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that istemporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. Itwill be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware modulemechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or intemporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may bedriven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physicallyconstructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarilyconfigured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or toperform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments inwhich hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed),each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated atany one instance in time. For example, where the hardware modulescomprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, thegeneral-purpose processor may be configured as respective differenthardware modules at different times. Software may accordingly configurea processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module atone instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at adifferent instance of time.

Hardware modules may provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multipleof such hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may beachieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuitsand buses) that connect the hardware modules. In some embodiments inwhich multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated atdifferent times, communications between such hardware modules may beachieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of informationin memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access.For example, one hardware module may perform an operation and store theoutput of that operation in a memory device to which it iscommunicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a latertime, access the memory device to retrieve and process the storedoutput. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input oroutput devices, and may operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation).

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modulesreferred to herein may, in some example embodiments, compriseprocessor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods or routines described herein may be at leastpartially processor-implemented. For example, at least some of theoperations of a method may be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented hardware modules. The performance of certain ofthe operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, notonly residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number ofmachines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors maybe located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, anoffice environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments theprocessors may be distributed across a number of locations.

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed amongthe one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine,but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments,the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may belocated in a single geographic location (e.g., within a homeenvironment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other exampleembodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modulesmay be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using wordssuch as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,”“presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions orprocesses of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transformsdata represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical)quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory,non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or othermachine components that receive, store, transmit, or displayinformation.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in variousplaces in the specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and“connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodimentsmay be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or moreelements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term“coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not indirect contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interactwith each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elementsand components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely forconvenience and to give a general sense of the description. Thisdescription, and the claims that follow, should be read to include oneor at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it isobvious that it is meant otherwise.

The patent claims at the end of this patent application are not intendedto be construed under 35 U.S.C. § 112(f) unless traditionalmeans-plus-function language is expressly recited, such as “means for”or “step for” language being explicitly recited in the claim(s).

1. A computer-implemented method of utilizing a blockchain that includesa plurality of nodes physically connected to respective vehicles andconfigured to periodically add mileage reports to the blockchain toperform irregular estimates of vehicle Actual Cash Value (ACV), whereinthe mileage reports include an odometer reading from the odometer of therespective vehicles, the method comprising: determining, via one or moreprocessors, an actual value estimation is to be performed; in responseto the determination, issuing, via the one or more processors and to anode of the plurality of nodes that is coupled to an odometer of avehicle, a recordation request that causes the node to add an irregularmileage report to the blockchain; locating, via the one or moreprocessors, a vehicle profile of the vehicle identified by a VehicleIdentification Number (VIN) on the blockchain, the vehicle profileincluding a vehicle configuration, a vehicle status of the vehicle, andthe requested mileage report; estimating, via the one or moreprocessors, the Actual Cash Value (ACV) of the vehicle based upon, atleast in part, the vehicle configuration, vehicle status of the vehicle,and the requested mileage report; and broadcasting, via the one or moreprocessors, a change to the blockchain to alter the vehicle profile ofthe vehicle to update the ACV of the vehicle.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the vehicle profile information includes vehicle add-ons,variable and/or optional features, make/model data, variousvehicle-mount sensor data (either directly or indirectly from eachsensor), and/or autonomous/semi-autonomous system or technology data. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein the change to the blockchain is a newblock and altering the vehicle profile includes creating a new vehicleprofile.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the vehicle configurationinformation includes at least one of: engine type, number of doors, yearof manufacture, place of manufacture, color, trim level, wheel size,autonomous driving capabilities, optional OEM features, drive type,transmission type, VIN, home location, model, and make.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the vehicle status includes at least one of: mileage,repair history, maintenance history, legal title holder, lien status,insurance coverage status, insurance coverage amount, legal titlestatus, ACV, and financing status.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising validating other updates to the blockchain received fromblockchain network participants.
 7. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising initiating a transfer of legal title based at least in parton the ACV of the vehicle.
 8. A network node of a plurality of nodesphysically connected to respective vehicles and configured toperiodically add mileage reports on a shared ledger system forperforming irregular estimates of an Actual Cash Value (ACV) of avehicle being tracked on a blockchain by VIN, wherein the mileagereports include an odometer reading from the odometer of the respectivevehicles, the network node comprising: a network interface configured tointerface with one or more processors; a memory configured to storenon-transitory computer executable instructions and configured tointerface with the one or more processors; and the one or moreprocessors configured to interface with the memory and configured to:determine an actual value estimation is to be performed; in response tothe determination, issue, to a node of the plurality of nodes coupled toan odometer of a vehicle, a recordation request that causes the node toadd an irregular mileage report to the blockchain; locate a vehicleprofile of the vehicle identified by a Vehicle Identification Number(VIN) on the blockchain, the vehicle profile including a vehicleconfiguration, a vehicle status of the vehicle, and the requestedmileage report; and estimate, via the one or more processors, the ActualCash Value (ACV) of the vehicle based upon, at least in part, thevehicle configuration, vehicle status of the vehicle, and the requestedmileage report.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the one or moreprocessors configured to interface with the memory are furtherconfigured to: broadcast, via the one or more processors and/orassociated transceivers, a change to the blockchain to alter the vehicleprofile of the vehicle to update the ACV of the vehicle.
 10. The systemof claim 8, wherein the one or more processors configured to interfacewith the memory are further configured to: validate changes to theblockchain received by participants in the blockchain network.
 11. Thesystem of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors configured tointerface with the memory are further configured to: request an updateto a vehicle profile by a third party.
 12. The system of claim 11,wherein the request includes an offer of payment of a token circulatingon the blockchain to the third party, the token having a monetary value.13. The system of claim 11, wherein the request includes a smartcontract executing on the blockchain, the smart contract configured toremit payment of a token circulating on the blockchain, the token havinga monetary value, to the third party upon satisfaction of a completioncondition.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the completion conditionincludes a proof-of-identity of the third party.
 15. The system of claim11, wherein the request includes documentary evidence of the update tothe vehicle profile.
 16. (canceled)
 17. A method of utilizing ablockchain that includes a plurality of nodes physically connected torespective vehicles and configured to periodically add inspectionreports to the blockchain to validate an actual cash value of a vehicleby a shared ledger, the method comprising: determining an actual cashvalue validation is to be performed; after the determination, receiving,at a node of the plurality of nodes that is coupled to an odometer of avehicle, a recordation request to record an irregular inspection reportto a blockchain, the inspection report including an odometer reading;inspecting a vehicle, the vehicle being tracked on a blockchain byVehicle Identification Number (VIN); creating the inspection reportbased upon the inspecting operation and the odometer reading; andbroadcasting a transaction to nodes in a network of the blockchain, thetransaction altering a vehicle profile of the vehicle by adding theinspection report to the blockchain, the inspection report including theVIN to facilitate the actual cash value (ACV) determination of thevehicle.
 18. (canceled)
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein theinspection report includes a proof-of-identity.
 20. The method of claim17, wherein the inspection report includes evidence of the inspectingoperation.